The relief of hypoxic microenvironment using an O2 self-sufficient fluorinated nanoplatform for enhanced photodynamic eradication of bacterial biofilms

Nanotechnologies for control of pathogenic microbial biofilms

“…The developed nanosystem co-encapsulated with PFH and Ce6 exhibited higher antibiofilm ability than that of nanoparticles alone highlighting the importance of the hypoxia relieving mechanism in targeting biofilms which was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. 107 A simultaneous and improved delivery of an antibiotic and a quorum sensing inhibitor employing squalenyl hydrogen sulfate nanoparticles was recently reported by Ho et al 108 In their study, an improved penetration into the biofilm as well as biological barriers such as the mucus layer, that was provided by the developed nanocarrier system, enabled the total eradication of the P. aeruginosa biofilm at a 16-fold lower concentration of the antibiotic than the drug alone. 108 Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) have also been suggested as possible methods of biofilm targeting.…”

“…106 The same type of nanoplatform (PFH-loaded liposomes) co-encapsulated with photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) has also demonstrated an enhanced photodynamic eradication of bacterial biofilms due to the relief of the hypoxic microenvironment. 107 These nanoparticles were shown to achieve better penetration into the biofilm resulting in the increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequently the improved bactericidal capability and efficiency of photodynamic therapy with no effect on normal tissues. The developed nanosystem co-encapsulated with PFH and Ce6 exhibited higher antibiofilm ability than that of nanoparticles alone highlighting the importance of the hypoxia relieving mechanism in targeting biofilms which was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo .…”

“…79 Changing the biofilm microenvironment has recently been demonstrated to be an important aspect in targeting biofilms using nanoparticles. [105][106][107][108] In particular, a synergistic antibiofilm system has been developed based on hollow carbon nitride spheres (HCNSs) integrating quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs), antibiotics and photodynamic therapy (PDT), enhancing antibiofilm efficacy in vitro and in vivo. 105 In the developed antibiofilm system, luteolin as a QSI model and ampicillin as an antibiotic model were encapsulated in HCNSs, followed by hyaluronic acid (HA) coating to respond to the bacterial infective microenvironment.…”

Antibacterial PDT nanoplatform capable of releasing therapeutic gas for synergistic and enhanced treatment against deep infections

“…In the internal environment, the nanomaterials to produce gas molecules by using environmental factors at the location of the lesion should be an effective solution to mitigate hypoxia and modulate local inflammation. Recent years, many studies have demonstrated that the oxygen-self-supplied aPDT nanoplatforms are an important method for solving hypoxia problem by using hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in the body 15 , 21 - 24 . Bu et al .…”

Sensitization of Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria to Photodynamic Therapy via Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsion

“…Inspired by the success of the oxygen-delivery strategy for the empowering of antibiotics and APDT [16,25], in this work, we propose an oxygen-affordable photodynamic nanomedicine (denoted Ce6@FDC) for the sensitizing of Gram-negative bacteria to APDT, especially clinically related drug-resistant strains (Figure 1). Among PFCs, perfluorodecalin (FDC), with its preeminent oxygen dissolving capacity and stability, was used here.…”