The relationship of waist circumference to blood pressure: the Olivetti heart study1

Siani, Alfonso; Cappuccio, Francesco P.; Barba, Gianvincenzo; Trevisan, Maurizio; Farinaro, Eduardo; Iacone, Roberto; Russo, Ornella; Russo, Paola; Mancini, Mario; Strazzullo, Pasquale

doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(02)02976-x

Cited by 95 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Our findings show that men with abdominal obesity on its own had higher odds of hypertension than those without abdominal obesity (or BMI $ 30 kg m 22 ). The Olivetti Heart Study also showed that WC in men was a strong predictor of elevated blood pressure, independent of BMI and insulin resistance 27 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Generalised and abdominal obesity and risk of diabetes, hypertension and hypertension–diabetes co-morbidity in England

Hirani

Zaninotto

Primatesta

2007

Public Health Nutr.

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Objectives: To look at trends in generalised (body mass index (BMI) $30 kg m -2 ) and abdominal (waist circumference (WC) .102 cm in men, .88 cm in women) obesity among adults between 1993 and 2003, and to evaluate their association with diabetes, hypertension and hypertension-diabetes co-morbidity (HDC) in England. Design: Analyses of nationally representative cross-sectional population surveys, the Health Survey for England (HSE). Subjects: Non-institutionalised men and women aged $35 years. Measurements: Interviewer-administered questionnaire (sociodemographic information, risk factors, doctor-diagnosed diabetes), measurements of height and weight to calculate BMI. WC and blood pressure measurements were taken by trained nurses. Results: Generalised obesity increased among men from 15.8% in 1993 to 26.3% in 2003, and among women from 19.3% to 25.8%. Abdominal obesity also increased in both sexes (men: 26.2% in 1993 to 39.0% in 2003; women: 32.4% to 47.0%). In 1994, 1998 and 2003, generalised and abdominal obesity were independently associated with risk of hypertension, diabetes and HDC. The odds of diabetes associated with generalised obesity in 1994, 1998 and 2003 were 1.62, 2.26 and 2.62, respectively, in women and 1.24, 1.82 and 2.10, respectively, in men. Similar differences were observed for hypertension and HDC. Men and women with abdominal obesity also showed a higher risk for diabetes, hypertension and HDC than those with a normal WC. Conclusions: If current trends in obesity continue then the risk of related morbidities may also increase. This will impact on cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality, with cost implications for the health service. Therefore there is an urgent need to control the epidemic of obesity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Generalised and abdominal obesity and risk of diabetes, hypertension and hypertension–diabetes co-morbidity in England

Hirani

Zaninotto

Primatesta

2007

Public Health Nutr.

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“…Body composition in older adults KA Shaw et al with prevalent diabetes 16 and cardiovascular risk factors. 17,18 It may be that waist circumference is a better measure in older adults than WHR. In order to fully understand the usefulness of waist circumference in older adults, its ability to predict disease risk should be evaluated against that of WHR and other measures in longitudinal studies of older people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition and aging in a population-based older cohort

Shaw

Srikanth

Fryer³

et al. 2006

Int J Obes

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Objective: The aims of this cross-sectional study were (1) to examine the effect of age on body composition in older adults using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and (2) to evaluate the agreement of DXA with standard indirect anthropometric measures (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)). Research methods and procedures:A population-based sample of 731 adults aged between 50 and 79 years underwent measurement of BMI, waist circumference, WHR, DXA total body fat mass, DXA % total body fat, DXA % trunk fat and DXA lean body mass. Linear regression was used to test for trend in measures of body composition between age categories in men and women. Partial correlations and Bland-Altman analysis were used to examine the agreement of DXA measures with indirect measures. Results: DXA lean body mass decreased significantly with increasing age in both sexes (Po0.05). In males, BMI (P ¼ 0.01) and body weight (Po0.01) decreased with age, and in females, WHR (P ¼ 0.05), DXA % total fat (P ¼ 0.02) and DXA % trunk fat (P ¼ 0.05) increased with age. There was good agreement between DXA measures of fatness and indirect anthropometric measures, except for WHR, which showed greater variability in its comparisons with DXA. Conclusion: Using the highly sensitive and direct DXA method of measuring body composition, a decline in lean body mass and an increase in adiposity was observed with aging. Except for WHR, indirect anthropometric measures generally showed high levels of agreement with DXA fat measures in this older cohort.

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“…These associations were independent of age, socioeconomic status and other major risk factors for hypertension. Numerous epidemiologic studies [1][2][3][4][5][6]12,13,[21][22][23][24] and interventional trials [25][26][27][28] have demonstrated that weight change and excess weight plays a major role in determining BP levels, particularly among individuals with high BP. Few studies have evaluated the impact of weight and weight change on BP in normotensive individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3] Body fat distribution has also been shown to contribute to the genesis of obesity-hypertension syndrome. [4][5][6] Previous studies that have addressed these issues focused primarily on hypertension [7][8][9][10][11] and largely involved populations with a high prevalence of overweight and obesity. [8][9][10]12 Few studies have evaluated the impact of weight change, attained body weight and fat distribution on BP among individuals with normal BP, [12][13][14] particularly those who are relatively lean.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body weight and weight change in relation to blood pressure in normotensive men

Yang

Wang

et al. 2006

J Hum Hypertens

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We examined blood pressure (BP) in association with weight change since age 20, body mass index (BMI) at different ages and fat distribution in normotensive individuals using baseline survey data collected in the Shanghai Men's Health Study, an ongoing populationbased prospective cohort study of Chinese men aged 40-74 years. All anthropometric and BP measurements were performed by medical professionals. Included in this analysis were 25 619 men who had no prior history of hypertension, diabetes or cardiovascular disease, never took any antihypertensive medication and had both normal systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) (o140/90 mm Hg). Both SBP and DBP increased linearly across the whole range of weight gain since age 20. The adjusted mean differences between the highest and the lowest quintiles of weight gain were 6.0 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.6, 6.5) for SBP and 3.9 (95% CI: 3.6, 4.2) for DBP. When accounting for BMI at age 20, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of prehypertension (SBP, 120-139 and/or DBP, 80-89 mm Hg) was 4.1 (95% CI: 3.7, 4.5; P for trend o0.0001) comparing the extreme quintiles of weight gain. Similar positive associations were also observed for BMI at age 40, current BMI, circumferences of the waist and hips and waist-to-hip ratio. In conclusion, these data suggest that weight gain since age 20 and elevated adiposity may contribute significantly to the rise in BP in normotensive individuals, emphasizing the importance of weight control throughout adulthood in preventing high BP.

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The relationship of waist circumference to blood pressure: the Olivetti heart study1

Abstract: In middle-aged men, a central distribution of body fat is associated with increased BP, independently of body mass index and insulin resistance, thus suggesting a key role of central adiposity in the full expression of the "metabolic syndrome."

Cited by 95 publications

References 28 publications

Generalised and abdominal obesity and risk of diabetes, hypertension and hypertension–diabetes co-morbidity in England

Generalised and abdominal obesity and risk of diabetes, hypertension and hypertension–diabetes co-morbidity in England

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition and aging in a population-based older cohort

Body weight and weight change in relation to blood pressure in normotensive men

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