“…Only a few studies reviewed in the present studies incorporate multi-rater assessments, such as LDQ, ECI and WLEIS, to provide a more accurate and complete evaluation of an individual's EI competences (Hawkins and Dulewicz, 2007;Wang and Huang, 2009;Barbuto and Wheeler, 2006). The vast dominance of self-reported measures developed for use in exploring the links between leadership and EI may be seen as problematic since socially desirable self and self-knowledge may cause faking goods, which in turn would bring distortion.…”