The Relationship of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Differences and Racial Residential Segregation to Childhood Blood Lead Levels in Metropolitan Detroit

Moody, Heather; Darden, Joe T.; Pigozzi, Bruce Wm.

doi:10.1007/s11524-016-0071-8

Cited by 40 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Black race remains a strong independent predictor of more blood Pb throughout childhood [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. Geospatial analyses have demonstrated that increasing concentrations of exposure to Pb from the air, soil, water, or industrial releases are associated with early childhood BLLs [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54], while an increasing percent Black population is a strong predictor for higher blood Pb among young children in US cities, states, and nationwide across the US [32][33][34]39,40,53,[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63]. Black children in the US are exposed to more Pb from their environment [47][48][49][50][64][65][66][67][68][69].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increasing racial segregation and lower socio-economic status are associated with higher blood Pb among young Black children in the Detroit metropolitan area [40]. Black children present with the highest BLLs during early childhood throughout Marion County, Indiana, where remarkably higher rates of an EBLL ≥10 µg/dL are mostly secluded to the predominantly Black urban core of the City of Indianapolis [39].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Disparity in Risk Factor Severity for Early Childhood Blood Lead among Predominantly African-American Black Children: The 1999 to 2010 US NHANES

Yeter¹,

Banks

Aschner

2020

IJERPH

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There is no safe detectable level of lead (Pb) in the blood of young children. In the United States, predominantly African-American Black children are exposed to more Pb and present with the highest mean blood lead levels (BLLs). However, racial disparity has not been fully examined within risk factors for early childhood Pb exposure. Therefore, we conducted secondary analysis of blood Pb determinations for 2841 US children at ages 1-5 years with citizenship examined by the cross-sectional 1999 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The primary measures were racial disparities for continuous BLLs or an elevated BLL (EBLL) ≥5 µg/dL in selected risk factors between non-Hispanic Black children (n = 608) and both non-Hispanic White (n = 1208) or Hispanic (n = 1025) children. Selected risk factors included indoor household smoking, low income or poverty, older housing built before 1978 or 1950, low primary guardian education <12th grade/general education diploma (GED), or younger age between 1 and 3 years. Data were analyzed using a regression model corrected for risk factors and other confounding variables. Overall, Black children had an adjusted +0.83 µg/dL blood Pb (95% CI 0.65 to 1.00, p < 0.001) and a 2.8 times higher odds of having an EBLL ≥5 µg/dL (95% CI 1.9 to 3.9, p < 0.001). When stratified by risk factor group, Black children had an adjusted 0.73 to 1.41 µg/dL more blood Pb (p < 0.001 respectively) and a 1.8 to 5.6 times higher odds of having an EBLL ≥5 µg/dL (p ≤ 0.05 respectively) for every selected risk factor that was tested. For Black children nationwide, one in four residing in pre-1950 housing and one in six living in poverty presented with an EBLL ≥5 µg/dL. In conclusion, significant nationwide racial disparity in blood Pb outcomes persist for predominantly African-American Black children even after correcting for risk factors and other variables. This racial disparity further persists within housing, socio-economic, and age-related risk factors of blood Pb outcomes that are much more severe for Black children.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disparity in Risk Factor Severity for Early Childhood Blood Lead among Predominantly African-American Black Children: The 1999 to 2010 US NHANES

Yeter¹,

Banks

Aschner

2020

IJERPH

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“…Moreover, Smith [ 10 ] showed that the DMA’s poor and black neighborhoods were strong predictors for EPA’s Superfund site locations. Lastly, Moody et al [ 11 , 12 ] found that in the DMA, black segregated neighborhoods with lower socioeconomic characteristics were strong predictors of elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) in children residing in those areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead Emissions and Population Vulnerability in the Detroit (Michigan, USA) Metropolitan Area, 2006–2013: A Spatial and Temporal Analysis

Moody

Grady

2017

IJERPH

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Objective: The purpose of this research is to geographically model airborne lead emission concentrations and total lead deposition in the Detroit Metropolitan Area (DMA) from 2006 to 2013. Further, this study characterizes the racial and socioeconomic composition of recipient neighborhoods and estimates the potential for IQ (Intelligence Quotient) loss of children residing there. Methods: Lead emissions were modeled from emitting facilities in the DMA using AERMOD (American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model). Multilevel modeling was used to estimate local racial residential segregation, controlling for poverty. Global Moran’s I bivariate spatial autocorrelation statistics were used to assess modeled emissions with increasing segregation. Results: Lead emitting facilities were primarily located in, and moving to, highly black segregated neighborhoods regardless of poverty levels—a phenomenon known as environmental injustice. The findings from this research showed three years of elevated airborne emission concentrations in these neighborhoods to equate to a predicted 1.0 to 3.0 reduction in IQ points for children living there. Across the DMA there are many areas where annual lead deposition was substantially higher than recommended for aquatic (rivers, lakes, etc.) and terrestrial (forests, dunes, etc.) ecosystems. These lead levels result in decreased reproductive and growth rates in plants and animals, and neurological deficits in vertebrates. Conclusions: This lead-hazard and neighborhood context assessment will inform future childhood lead exposure studies and potential health consequences in the DMA.

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“…Another potential influence is environment toxicants, such as lead exposure, which have known disruptive effects on dopamine (see review by Lidsky & Schneider, ), the primary neuromodulator within brain reward circuitry. Blood lead levels are elevated among children residing in more distressed communities (Moody, Darden, & Pigozzi, ), which may be linked to lead‐based paint exposure in older homes and/or high demolition rates. It is also possible that some of these effects are evident at or before the time of birth, as neighborhood‐level factors predicts greater risk for adverse perinatal outcomes (e.g., preterm birth, small‐for‐gestational age; see meta‐analysis by Vos, Posthumus, Bonsel, Steegers, & Denktas, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic disadvantage and altered corticostriatal circuitry in urban youth

Marshall

Marusak

Sala-Hamrick

et al. 2018

Human Brain Mapping

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Socioeconomic disadvantage (SED) experienced in early life is linked to a range of risk behaviors and diseases. Neuroimaging research indicates that this association is mediated by functional changes in corticostriatal reward systems that modulate goal-directed behavior, reward evaluation, and affective processing. Existing research has focused largely on adults and within-household measures as an index of SED, despite evidence that broader community-level SED (e.g., neighborhood poverty levels) has significant and sometimes distinct effects on development and health outcomes. Here, we test effects of both household- and community-level SED on resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the ventral striatum (VS) in 100 racially and economically diverse children and adolescents (ages 6-17). We observed unique effects of household income and community SED on VS circuitry such that higher community SED was associated with reduced rsFC between the VS and an anterior region of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), whereas lower household income was associated with increased rsFC between the VS and the cerebellum, inferior temporal lobe, and lateral prefrontal cortex. Lower VS-mPFC rsFC was also associated with higher self-reported anxiety symptomology, and rsFC mediated the link between community SED and anxiety. These results indicate unique effects of community-level SED on corticostriatal reward circuitry that can be detected in early life, which carries implications for future interventions and targeted therapies. In addition, our findings raise intriguing questions about the distinct pathways through which specific sources of SED can affect brain and emotional development.

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The Relationship of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Differences and Racial Residential Segregation to Childhood Blood Lead Levels in Metropolitan Detroit

Cited by 40 publications

References 32 publications

Disparity in Risk Factor Severity for Early Childhood Blood Lead among Predominantly African-American Black Children: The 1999 to 2010 US NHANES

Disparity in Risk Factor Severity for Early Childhood Blood Lead among Predominantly African-American Black Children: The 1999 to 2010 US NHANES

Lead Emissions and Population Vulnerability in the Detroit (Michigan, USA) Metropolitan Area, 2006–2013: A Spatial and Temporal Analysis

Socioeconomic disadvantage and altered corticostriatal circuitry in urban youth

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