The Relationship of Concentration and Germicidal Efficiency of Ethyl Alcohol

Morton, Harry E.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1950.tb31944.x

Cited by 100 publications

(70 citation statements)

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“…on hands. While bacteria were likely removed when hands were wiped with paper towels as part of the Two-step ABHS intervention, bacteria were also likely inactivated as 70% ethyl alcohol has well-documented microbicidal activity (Ali, Dolan, Fendler, & Larson, 2001;Morton, 1950). Our results support previous research from health care settings showing that ABHS are more effective at reducing the bacterial load on hands than soaps (Girou et al, 2002;Larson & Bobo, 1992;Todd, Greig, Bartleson, & Michaels, 2009;Winnefeld et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Efficacy of two hygiene methods to reduce soil and microbial contamination on farmworker hands during harvest

et al. 2016

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Efficacy of two hygiene methods to reduce soil and microbial contamination on farmworker hands during harvest

et al. 2016

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“…EtOH exposure times were assessed as previously described (3,4 (Table 1). As expected, only non-spore-forming bacteria were inactivated with 70% EtOH, with exposure times of Յ5 min.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Standard Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Reagents May Inactivate Potentially Hazardous Bacteria

Cunningham

Patel

2015

J Clin Microbiol

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Rapid and accurate identification of bacterial colonies is important in providing high-quality patient care. If not properly handled, however, colonies such as those of Neisseria meningitidis and Brucella species, pose an exposure risk to those working in clinical laboratories. As a reference laboratory, we do not uncommonly encounter such organisms; between November 2011 and December 2014, we identified 24 Brucella isolates, 12 Francisella tularensis isolates, 72 Neisseria meningitidis isolates, and 3 Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates (data courtesy of Stefanea Rucinski). With the advent of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), laboratories can rapidly identify a range of bacteria, including those that pose a risk if incorrectly handled (1). The ionization chamber and flight tube of the mass spectrometer are under vacuum, with air expelled out of the instrument. Without prior inactivation, there is a theoretical risk of dispersing viable bacteria via the exhaust. Although bacteria can be inactivated by using tubebased protein extraction preparatory to MALDI-TOF MS (2), most laboratories routinely perform direct colony testing, with tube-based protein extraction being outside everyday laboratory workflow. Further, even when performing tube-based protein extraction, the steps that need to be performed in a biological safety cabinet (BSC) when handling hazardous bacteria need definition. The presence of a hazardous bacterium is often not recognized until after it has been through the identification process, forcing laboratories to create procedures to work up colonies that are isolated from suspicious cases or morphologically resemble those of hazardous bacteria by using tube-based protein extraction performed in a BSC, adding cost and decreasing turnaround time. A practical solution is needed to work with potentially hazardous bacteria in the era of MALDI-TOF MS. We evaluated methods to safely work with such organisms by using MALDI-TOF MS, assessing bacterial inactivation times in 70% ethanol (EtOH) and bactericidal activities of 70% formic acid and MALDI-TOF MS matrix.EtOH exposure times were assessed as previously described (3, 4). Briefly, Ͼ4. mallei/pseudomallei). To promote spore formation, B. cereus was cultivated on esculin agar and C. sporogenes was acclimated to room air for 4 h; spores were confirmed by Gram staining. Five drops of EtOH suspensions of bacterium were transferred into thioglycolate broth (prereduced and enriched for anaerobic bacteria [10 ml] or supplemented with rabbit serum for the aerobic bacteria [5 ml]) at postinoculation intervals of 10 and 30 s and 1, 5, and 10 min. Organism growth and sterility controls were included. Cultures were incubated for 5 days and monitored daily for visible growth ( Table 1). As expected, only non-spore-forming bacteria were inactivated with 70% EtOH, with exposure times of Յ5 min.We also evaluated the bactericidal activity of 70% formic acid and MALDI-TOF MS matrix (␣-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid ...

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“…Isolates were extracted in a biological safety cabinet prior to MALDI-TOF MS. Extraction was performed as previously described (7), except that the 70% ethanol exposure time was extended to 10 min to sterilize the samples (8).…”

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confidence: 99%

Importance of Using Bruker's Security-Relevant Library for Biotyper Identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Brucella Species, and Francisella tularensis

Cunningham¹,

Patel

2013

J Clin Microbiol

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Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is an ideal platform for rapid and accurate identification of bacteria in clinical microbiology (1). Expeditious and inerrant identification of potentially hazardous agents protects laboratory staff from inadvertent exposure and enables prompt recognition of potential select agents. With the exception of experienced laboratorians who frequently encounter such agents (e.g., veterinary, public health, and reference laboratory staff), most laboratorians rely on excluding more commonly encountered bacteria before considering less common and potentially hazardous isolates. The ensuing testing may take several days, placing personnel at risk of laboratory-acquired infection.Although the standard Biotyper reference library (Bruker, Billerica, MA) does not include select agents, several groups have demonstrated the high accuracy of MALDI-TOF MS in identification of multiple species of potentially hazardous bacteria when using appropriately constructed spectral libraries. Using a supplemented Burkholderia library, Inglis et al. identified Burkholderia pseudomallei isolated from blood cultures, reducing time to identification by 24 h (2). Using a supplemented library covering Brucella species, Ferreira et al. used MALDI-TOF MS to rapidly identify clinical isolates of Brucella species (3), and using a custom-made Brucella library, Lista et al. were able to identify Brucella species to the species level using MALDI-TOF MS (4). Finally, using a supplemented library, Seibold et al. reported use of MALDI-TOF MS for differentiation of species and even subspecies of Francisella (5). Although library supplementation enhances the performance of commercial MALDI-TOF MS libraries, given challenges obtaining and working with select agents in the United States, this is not an easy endeavor. Although the Biotyper reference library does not contain select agents, Bruker's securityrelevant (SR) library does. The SR library can be obtained by users and searched simultaneously with the Biotyper reference library (6).As a large reference laboratory, we regularly encounter bacteria classified as select agents. We have historically used phenotypic tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to identify Brucella species, Francisella tularensis, and B. pseudomallei. Recent implementation of the Biotyper system provided an opportunity to evaluate identification of select agents with the MALDI Biotyper reference library (version 3.3.1.2; 4,612 entries) alone and with concomitant analysis against the SR library (version 1.0; 107 entries).We studied 20 isolates, including Brucella melitensis (n ϭ 6), Brucella suis (n ϭ 3), Francisella tularensis (n ϭ 9), and Burkholderia pseudomallei (n ϭ 2). Isolates were extracted in a biological safety cabinet prior to MALDI-TOF MS. Extraction was performed as previously described (7), except that the 70% ethanol exposure time was extended to 10 min to sterilize the samples (8).(This strategy will not sterilize spore-forming bacte...

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The Relationship of Concentration and Germicidal Efficiency of Ethyl Alcohol

Cited by 100 publications

References 5 publications

Efficacy of two hygiene methods to reduce soil and microbial contamination on farmworker hands during harvest

Efficacy of two hygiene methods to reduce soil and microbial contamination on farmworker hands during harvest

Standard Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Reagents May Inactivate Potentially Hazardous Bacteria

Importance of Using Bruker's Security-Relevant Library for Biotyper Identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Brucella Species, and Francisella tularensis

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