The relationship of analogical distance to analogical function and preinventive structure: the case of engineering design

Christensen, Bo T.; Schunn, Christian D.

doi:10.3758/bf03195939

Cited by 348 publications

(249 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…In their study they found that expert designers use more between-domain analogies. In contrast, Christensen and Schunn (2007) found that experts use both within-domain and between-domain analogies, but primarily within-domain, when trying out improvements to existing products. Bonnardel and Marm eche (2004) found that experts evoke more between-domain sources and more sources in total; and when provided with between-domain source examples they are more likely to expand their search.…”

Section: Analogical Reasoning and Designmentioning

confidence: 92%

Cognitive strategies of analogical reasoning in design: Differences between expert and novice designers

Ozkan

Doğan

2013

Design Studies

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This study investigates differences in analogical reasoning among first, second, and fourth year students and expert architects. Participants took part in an experiment consisting of four tasks: rating source examples, selecting a source domain, explaining their selection, and designing a bus stop. The results indicate significant differences among participants with respect to their soundness ratings. The results also show significant relation between level of expertise and participants' selection of source categories, the stated reasons for their selection, and the type of similarity they established between source and target. We conclude that experts preferred 'mental hops' while first year students preferred 'mental leaps.' Second and fourth year students preferred neither 'mental leaps' nor 'mental hops' but to literally copy the sources. Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: analogical reasoning, architectural design, creativity, design cognition, design education A nalogical reasoning is described as a fundamental cognitive process underlying most other cognitive processes (Hofstadter, 2001), such as problem solving (Gick & Holyoak, 1980, 1983Novick, 1988;Ross & Kilbane, 1997), scientific discovery Nersessian, 2008), learning (Brown, 1989;Vosniadou, 1989), and creativity (Johnson-Laird, 1989;Ward, 1998). Gentner and Toupin (1986) claim that analogy is essential to both learning and discovery. Similarly, analogical reasoning plays a double role in design learning, supporting creativity and learning simultaneously. It is common among both architectural design students and practicing architects to browse through architectural publications in search of design examples that could be relevant to a design situation or for keeping up to date with recent projects. Furthermore, analogical thinking is a seminal learning strategy (Brown, 1989;Vosniadou, 1989) and enhances design learning. Design instructors often advise their students to enrich their visual vocabulary through studying masters' projects.Corresponding author: Fehmi Dogan f eh mi d o g a n @ i y t e . edu.tr, fehmidogan@ gmail.com www.elsevier.com/locate/destud 0142-694X $ -see front matter Design Studies 34 (2013) 161e192 http://dx

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Section: Analogical Reasoning and Designmentioning

confidence: 92%

Cognitive strategies of analogical reasoning in design: Differences between expert and novice designers

Ozkan

Doğan

2013

Design Studies

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“…Christensen and Schunn (2007) observe that physical models lead to the suppression of distant domain analogies, leading designers to less novel solutions. Along similar lines, Kiriyama and Yamamoto (1998) observe that student design teams fixate to their initial ideas while solving design problems with physical models.…”

Section: Effects Of Physical Models In Design Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on the role of physical models in the mitigation of design fixation

Viswanathan

Atilola

Esposito

et al. 2014

Journal of Engineering Design

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Designers implement a variety of models and representations during the design process, yet little is known about the cognitive impacts of various representations.This study focuses on how physical models can assist novices in mitigating design fixation to undesirable features. During idea generation, designers tend to fixate on examples they encounter or their own initial ideas. The first hypothesis states that designers tend to duplicate features of provided examples. The second hypothesis states that this fixation can be mitigated with appropriate warnings. The last hypothesis is that building and testing physical models can help designers in mitigating fixation. To investigate these theories, a quasi-experiment is conducted as Copying these flawed features creates more complicated and less effective designs.However, through the physical testing of their designs, participants identify and fix the design flaws. These results indicate that existing designs and experiences have the potential to limit innovation and that designers need to be trained with effective methods for mitigating design fixation. Building prototypes can help designers in identifying the flawed features and in reducing design fixation; hence the use of physical models in engineering design needs to be encouraged.

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“…Parameter analysis (Kroll, 2013) is a coaching approach of studying and analyzing existing technological products and applying this knowledge to create new concept configurations. Analogical thinking is supported by experimental studies in design (Christensen & Schunn, 2007;Linsey, Murphy, Markman, Wood, & Kurtoglu, 2006). However, the meaningfulness and relevance of the analogy to the design task has shown to be critical to the success of the method (Holyoak & Thagard, 1995), so the designer must generate an appropriate exemplar.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can experienced designers learn from new tools? A case study of idea generation in a professional engineering team

Yılmaz

Daly

Christian

et al. 2013

International Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation

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Generating novel ideas is a challenging part of engineering design, especially when the design task has been undertaken for an extended period of time. How can experienced designers develop new ideas for familiar problems? A tool called Design Heuristicsprovides strategies that support engineers in considering more, and more different, concepts during idea generation. Design Heuristics have been shown to help novice engineers create a set of more diverse and creative candidate concepts. In this case study, we extended this approach to a group of professional engineers who had worked on a specific product line for many years. In a workshop format, a small group of engineers worked with the heuristics in two separate sessions and generated ideas collaboratively. Video recordings were analyzed to reveal how the heuristics were used to stimulate new designs for their product line. We found that Design Heuristics bring order in ideas and elaboration on ideas, perhaps through coordinating effort on idea evaluation, increasing capacity to improve the ideas of others, and facilitating interaction between participants. This case study shows using Design Heuristics can assist even expert engineers to increase the variety of concepts generated, resulting in a larger set of ideas to consider. Keywords engineering design, idea generation, teamwork in design Disciplines Industrial and Product Design Comments This is a manuscript of an article from Can experienced designers learn from new tools? A case study of idea generation within a professional engineering teamGenerating novel ideas is a challenging part of engineering design, especially when the design task has been undertaken for an extended period of time. How can experienced designers develop new ideas for familiar problems? A tool called Design Heuristics provides strategies that support engineers in considering more, and more different, concepts during idea generation. Design Heuristics are strategies for idea generation based on empirical analyses of idea generation from professional and student engineers and industrial designers working on a wide variety of product designs. Design Heuristics have been shown to help novice engineers create a set of more diverse and creative candidate concepts. In this case study, we extended this approach to a group of professional engineers who had worked on a specific product line for many years. In a workshop format, a small group of engineers worked with the heuristics in two separate sessions, and generated ideas collaboratively. Video recordings were analyzed to reveal how the heuristics were used to stimulate new designs for their product line. This case study shows using Design Heuristics can assist even expert engineers to increase the variety of concepts generated, resulting in a larger set of ideas to consider.

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The relationship of analogical distance to analogical function and preinventive structure: the case of engineering design

Cited by 348 publications

References 33 publications

Cognitive strategies of analogical reasoning in design: Differences between expert and novice designers

Cognitive strategies of analogical reasoning in design: Differences between expert and novice designers

A study on the role of physical models in the mitigation of design fixation

Can experienced designers learn from new tools? A case study of idea generation in a professional engineering team

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