The relationship between the change in the electroretinogram and the subjective dark‐adaptation curve

Karpe, G.; Tansley, Katharine

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1948.sp004271

Cited by 52 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The "method of constant light stimulus" was therefore chosen. This was first used by Karpe & Tansley (1948) for the scotopic b-wave, and by Armington, Johnson & Riggs (1952) for the a-wave of the human ERG. The "method of constant response", which has also been applied (Johnson 1949, Johnson & Riggs 1951, Best & Bohnen 1956, is presumably unsuited to the present purpose.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The A‐wave of the Human Electroretinogram During the Course of Dark Adaptation

Algvere

1967

Acta Ophthalmologica

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The A‐wave of the Human Electroretinogram During the Course of Dark Adaptation

Algvere

1967

Acta Ophthalmologica

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“…Briefly, the rats were kept in the dark for at least 12hr (i.e. overnight) before recording in order to enhance retinal sensitivity [ 31 ]. The experimental procedure was done under a dim-red light.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Retinal Structure and Function between Aging Male and Female Sprague-Dawley Rats are Strongly Influenced by the Estrus Cycle

2015

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PurposeBiological sex and age are considered as two important factors that may influence the function and structure of the retina, an effect that might be governed by sexual hormones such as estrogen. The purpose of this study was to delineate the influence that biological sex and age exert on the retinal function and structure of rodents and also clarify the effect that the estrus cycle might exert on the retinal function of female rats.MethodThe retinal function of 50 normal male and female albino Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats was investigated with the electroretinogram (ERG) at postnatal day (P) 30, 60, 100, 200, and 300 (n = 5–6 male and female rats/age). Following the ERG recording sessions, retinal histology was performed in both sexes. In parallel, the retinal function of premenopausal and menopausal female rats aged P540 were also compared.ResultsSex and age-related changes in retinal structure and function were observed in our animal model. However, irrespective of age, no significant difference was observed in ERG and retinal histology obtained from male and female rats. Notwithstanding the above we did however notice that between P60 and P200 there was a gradual increase in ERG amplitudes of female rats compared to males. Furthermore, the ERG of premenopausal female rats aged 18 months old (P540) was larger compared to age-matched menopausal female rats as well as that of male rats.ConclusionOur results showed that biological sex and age can influence the retinal function and structure of albino SD rats. Furthermore, we showed that cycled female rats have better retinal function compared to the menopausal female rats suggesting a beneficial effect of the estrus cycle on the retinal function.

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“…Adrian (1945) showed that the b ‐wave was reduced substantially after a bleach, and that it recovered slowly with time. Subsequent investigations by Karpe & Tansley (1948) and by Fulton & Rushton (1978) found that after a large bleach, the amplitude of the b ‐wave recovered with a time course corresponding closely to the recovery of visual threshold, measured psychophysically (though some differences were reported by Johnson & Riggs, 1951). But, as far as we are aware, there have been no previous studies of dark adaptation across a range of bleaching strengths for human rod bipolar cell responses or the b ‐wave.…”

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confidence: 96%

Dark adaptation of human rod bipolar cells measured from the b‐wave of the scotopic electroretinogram

Cameron

Mahroo

Lamb

2006

The Journal of Physiology

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To examine the dark adaptation of human rod bipolar cells in vivo, we recorded ganzfeld ERGs to (a) a family of flashes of increasing intensity, (b) dim test flashes presented on a range of background intensities, and (c) dim test flashes presented before, and up to 40 min after, exposure to intense illumination eliciting bleaches from a few per cent to near total. The dim flash ERG was characterized by a prominent b-wave response generated principally by rod bipolar cells. In the presence of background illumination the response reached peak earlier and desensitized according to Weber's Law. Following bleaching exposures, the response was initially greatly desensitized, but thereafter recovered slowly with time. For small bleaches, the desensitization was accompanied by acceleration, in much the same way as for real light. Following a near-total bleach, the response was unrecordable for >10 min, but after ∼23 min half-maximal sensitivity was reached, and full sensitivity was restored between ∼35 and 40 min. With smaller bleaches, recovery commenced earlier. We converted the post-bleach measurements of desensitization into 'equivalent background intensities' using a Crawford transformation. Across the range of bleaching levels, the results were described by a prominent 'S2' component (0.24 decades min -1 ) together with a smaller and slower 'S3' component (0.06 decades min -1 ), as is found for dark adaptation of the scotopic visual system. We attribute the S2 component to the presence of unregenerated opsin, and we speculate that the S3 component results from ion channel closure by all-trans retinal. Night vision (scotopic vision) is mediated by two distinct pathways from rods to retinal ganglion cells that operate at different light intensities. At higher scotopic levels, rod signals are electrically coupled via gap junctions to cones, and then follow the conventional photopic pathway via cone ON and OFF bipolar cells to ganglion cells. But at low scotopic intensities a separate pathway comes into play, capable of transmitting single photon responses. The rods synapse onto rod bipolar cells, which are functionally similar to cone ON bipolar cells in that they generate a sign-inverting response through the action of a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR6) and a G-protein cascade. The rod bipolar cell signal is relayed via a sign-conserving synapse to AII amacrine cells, and thence into the cone pathway via both ON and OFF cone bipolar cells. For reviews of these pathways, see Bloomfield & Dacheux (2001) and Wässle (2004).Scotopic vision is extraordinarily sensitive, and a fully dark-adapted human subject is capable of detecting as few as 5-10 photon absorptions occurring within a short time interval anywhere over a 'pool' of around 10 000 rods, corresponding to about 1 deg of visual angle (Hecht et al. 1942;Sakitt, 1972). However, this sensitivity can be reduced, either by the presence of steady illumination (light adaptation), or during recovery from an intense bleaching exposure (dark adaptation). It has lo...

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The relationship between the change in the electroretinogram and the subjective dark‐adaptation curve

Cited by 52 publications

References 2 publications

The A‐wave of the Human Electroretinogram During the Course of Dark Adaptation

The A‐wave of the Human Electroretinogram During the Course of Dark Adaptation

Differences in Retinal Structure and Function between Aging Male and Female Sprague-Dawley Rats are Strongly Influenced by the Estrus Cycle

Dark adaptation of human rod bipolar cells measured from the b‐wave of the scotopic electroretinogram

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