“…The adjustment of the association between maternal prenatal stress and child IQ for family income, maternal and paternal education and maternal alcohol consumption and smoking during pregnancy could be seen by some scholars as overadjustment since these variables are life-style factors generally related to the concept of stress (Cohen, Doyle, & Baum, 2006;Hassanbeigi, Askari, Hassanbeigi, & Pourmovahed, 2013), thus the adjustment for these variables was performed in a late step and in separate models. These factors affect offspring mental development through multiple pathways other than maternal stress during pregnancy (Eriksen et al, 2013;Hanscombe et al, 2012;Olds et al, 1994;Olney et al, 2002).…”