The Relationship between Ozone and Human Blood in the Course of a Well-Controlled, Mild, and Transitory Oxidative Eustress

Abstract

In the last twenty years there has been a proliferation of articles on the therapeutic use of ozone. As it is well-known, the term ozone therapy is very broad. It ranges from either systemic or loco-regional administration of unstable gaseous oxygen/ozone mixtures to the topical application of stable ozonated derivatives. Anyway, in relation to the absence of specific receptors and the extreme reactivity with the biological liquids with which it comes into contact, gaseous ozone cannot be classified as either a drug or a pro-drug. When the gaseous ozone impacts a biological matrix, both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid oxidation products (LOPs) are formed. They represent the effector molecules responsible for modulating the therapeutic activity in the body. Apart from the merits of the action mechanisms resulting from the use of ozone, this article seeks to validate the practice of ozone therapy as an adjuvant treatment in full compliance with the physiology of the whole organism.

Long-term improvement by ozone treatment in chronic pain secondary to chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: A preliminary report

“…Therefore, the ozone effect is an “indirect effect” that does not follow a linear relationship. Significantly low ozone concentrations can have no effect, and significantly high concentrations can lead to undesired effects ( Re et al, 2014 ; Galie et al, 2019 ; Tricarico and Travagli, 2021 ; Viebahn-Haensler and Leon Fernandez, 2021 ). In the same way, moderate physical exercise (not significantly low or high intensity) also induces temporal and soft increases in OS that lead to enhancements of antioxidant defense mechanisms and the regulation of OS ( Kruk et al, 2019 ), with potential benefits for the prevention ( Kleckner et al, 2018 ) and treatment ( Kneis et al, 2019 ; Dhawan et al, 2020 ) of CIPN in randomized clinical trials.…”

Evaluation of targeted oxidative stress induced by oxygen-ozone gas mixtures in vitro after ischemic induction

“…The groups treated with 12 or 18 µg/mL of ozone showed a significant decrease in ROS levels, which increased again in the group treated with 30 µg/mL, still being comparable with ROS levels noted for other groups. We expected to observe an increase in ROS levels, as it is one of the by-products of ozone, and the higher its concentration, the greater should be the production of ROS (43)(44)(45)(46)(47).…”

“…One of the recently raised hypotheses about the mechanisms of ozone therapy relates to its effect on blood cells and the extracellular matrix of the intravascular compartment (47). The interaction of ozone with blood cells and blood plasma during major autohemotherapy (when the blood of the ozonated patient is reinfused intravenously), resulting in LPO, primarily 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE); 4-HNE activates a cascade in the vascular endothelium, resulting in the release of nitric oxide, which acts as a vasodilator, and the upregulation of oxidative stress proteins and antioxidant enzymes to protect the vascular matrisome.…”

The Effect of β-Carotene, Tocopherols and Ascorbic Acid as Anti-Oxidant Molecules on Human and Animal In Vitro/In Vivo Studies: A Review of Research Design and Analytical Techniques Used

“…Ozone (O 3 ) is a gaseous tropospheric pollutant, generated through reactions between intense solar radiation and pollutants (nitric oxides, sulphur oxides, carbon oxides, volatile organic compounds) produced from combustion of fossil fuels [ 32 , 33 ]. Contact of O 3 with biological matrix results in creation of H 2 O 2 and lipids oxidation products [ 34 ]. Ozone exposure-induced oxidative stress is associated with neurodegenerative diseases [ 33 , 35 ].…”