The relationship between gaze behavior, expertise, and performance: A systematic review.

Abstract

Perceptual-cognitive skills enable an individual to integrate environmental information with existing knowledge to be able to process stimuli and execute appropriate responses on complex tasks. Various underlying processes could explain how perceptual-cognitive skills impact on expert performance, as articulated in three theoretical accounts: (a) the long-term working memory theory, which argues that experts are able to encode and retrieve visual information from long-term working memory more than less experienced counterparts; (b) the information-reduction hypothesis, which suggests that experts can optimize the amount of information processed by selectively allocating their attentional resources to task relevant stimuli and ignore irrelevant stimuli; and (c) the holistic model of image perception, which proposes that experts are able to extract visual information from distal and para-foveal regions, allowing more efficient global-local processing of the scene. In this systematic review, we examine the validity of the aforementioned theories based on gaze features associated with the proposed processes. The information-reduction hypothesis was supported in most studies, except in medicine where the holistic model of image perception garners stronger support. These results indicate that selectively allocating attention toward important task-related information is the most important skill developed in experts across domains, whereas expertise in medicine is reflected more in an extended visual span. Large discrepancies in the outcomes of the papers reviewed suggest that there is not one theory that fits all domains of expertise. The review provides some essential building blocks, however, to help synthesize theoretical concepts across expertise domains.

The Role of Cue Utilization and Cognitive Load in the Recognition of Phishing Emails

“…This seemingly indicated that all participants were considering the same cues, with the majority relying on the text within the email as a trustworthy cue. These findings support the claim that the perceptual-cognitive skill in the cybersecurity domain may be different to other areas (Brams et al, 2019). Thus, in contrast to other domains (e.g., pilots or criminal investigators; Schriver et al, 2008;Morrison et al, 2013b), skilled performance does not appear to be as reliant on the acquisition of a specific set of highly diagnostic cues.…”

Fighting Left Handers Promotes Different Visual Perceptual Strategies than Right Handers: The Study of Eye Movements of Foil Fencers in Attack and Defence

“…Also, a further analysis of eye-tracking data with regard to key movements in offensive and defensive actual actions (e.g., the onset of an individual defensive action) would shed more light on how the direction and timing of top-level fencers' visual attention might be affected by their opponents' handedness. To afford a yet fuller picture of gaze behaviour in fencers under various fighting conditions, future studies may also wish to explore and discuss additional eye-tracking metrics such as search rate (i.e., number of fixations and fixation duration irrespective of AOIs) or time to first fixation on AOI (see [47]). e current study investigated the nature of visual searches solely among top-level foil fencers (experts).…”

“…From the body of empirical work conducted over the past three decades emerges a relatively clear picture that attention is guided by scene properties (bottom-up, stimulus-driven guidance), the known feature (top-down, userdriven guidance), scene structure and meaning, history of prior search (prior experience of the observer), and the perceived value (or reward) of the targets and distractors (for an overview see [46]). A recent systematic review of theories relating to the interplay of expert visual search behaviour and their perceptual-cognitive skills points to three major theories that help to explain how the processes underlying perceptual-cognitive skills and expertise may affect expert performance (see [47]): (1) the long-term working memory theory, (2) the information-reduction hypothesis, and (3) the holistic model of image perception. Following these theoretical accounts, compared to less-experienced individuals, expert athletes in fencing can be assumed to (1) encode and retrieve visual information from their long-term memory more efficiently, (2) optimise the amount of information that they process by selectively allocating their attention to task-relevant cues, concurrently ignoring taskirrelevant stimuli, and (3) enjoy superior global-local image processing in that they obtain more visual information from parafoveal and distal areas and thus show more efficient holistic processing of the scene.…”

Expertise development in volumetric image interpretation of radiology residents: what do longitudinal scroll data reveal?

“…In this study, we use theories on expertise development as a starting point to identify and explore potentially relevant measures. Most studies on expertise development employ cross-sectional expert-novice comparison designs (for reviews see Brams et al 2019;Van der Gijp et al 2017). The current study advanced previous studies on image interpretation by analysing scroll data of volumetric images collected longitudinally.…”