The relationship between frequency of eating and adiposity in adult men and women in the Tecumseh Community Health Study

Metzner, Helen L.; Lamphiear, Donald E.; Wheeler, Noel C.; Larkin, Frances A.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/30.5.712

Cited by 107 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…10,11,[57][58][59][60][61][62][63] Also contrary to previous reports showing breakfast skipping, reduced energy intake at breakfast and/or increased energy intake later in the day being associated with a higher BMI or energy intake, 11,12,14,64 we found no such relationships. Instead, total energy intake, or energy at all meals and snacks rather than any particular eating occasion, was associated with a higher BMI in both age groups.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older adults

et al. 2006

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Objective: To compare relative associations of eating patterns and dietary composition with body mass index (BMI) in younger (aged 20-59 years, n ¼ 1792) and older (aged 60-90 years, n ¼ 893) participants in the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, collected 1994Individuals, collected -1996. Methods: Data from two 24-h dietary recalls from individuals reporting physiologically plausible energy intake (within 722% of predicted energy requirements, based on previously published methods) were used. Results: Mean reported energy intake was 96 and 95% of predicted energy requirements in younger and older subjects, respectively. Older subjects were less likely than younger subjects to skip a meal, but snacking was common in both age groups. Fiber density was significantly higher in the older group. A higher BMI in both age groups was associated with a higher total daily energy intake, and higher energy intakes at all eating occasions. In both age groups, eating frequency was positively associated with energy intake, and eating more than three times a day was associated with being overweight or obese. In the younger group but not the older group, a lower fiber density coupled with higher percentage of energy from fat was independently associated with having a higher BMI. Conclusions: While no one eating occasion contributes more than any other to excess adiposity, eating more often than three times a day may play a role in overweight and obesity in both younger and older persons. A reduced satiety response to dietary fiber in addition to lower energy expenditure may potentially further contribute to weight gain in older persons.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older adults

et al. 2006

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“…In support of the latter idea, data from Summerbell et al showed an inverse relationship between meal frequency and body mass index (BMI), that disappeared after exclusion of dietary under-reporters (Summerbell et al, 1996). Several other studies have observed negative or no association between meal frequency and obesity (Dreon et al, 1988;Drummond et al, 1998;Metzner et al, 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Meal patterns and obesity in Swedish women–a simple instrument describing usual meal types, frequency and temporal distribution

et al. 2002

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Objective: To characterize meal patterns in relation to obesity in Swedish women using a simple instrument describing meal frequency, meal types and temporal distribution. Design: Cross-sectional parallel group design. Subjects: Eighty-three obese women from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study were compared with 94 reference women, randomly recruited from the population. Method: A new, simplified and self-instructing questionnaire was used to assess meal patterns. Usual meal pattern was reported as time and meal type for each intake episode during a typical day. Results: The obese women consumed 6.1 meals=day compared with 5.2 meals=day among the reference women (P < 0.0001). All types of meals except 'drink meals' were significantly more frequently consumed in the obese group. The obese women also displayed a different meal pattern across the day, consuming a larger number of meals later in the day. As a result a larger fraction of each obese woman's total meals were consumed in the afternoon and in the evening=night. There was no difference in the number of obese vs reference women consuming breakfast. Snack meals were positively associated with total energy intake in both groups. Conclusions: A new simplified method assessing meal pattern revealed that the number of reported intake occasions across a usual day was higher in obese women compared with controls and the timing was shifted to later in the day. These findings should be considered in the treatment of obesity.

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“…The influence of meal frequency and snacking on energy imbalance and body weight is not clear. Some studies have reported a positive relation between low eating frequency and obesity, [2][3][4][5] whereas other studies found no relation. [6][7][8] Gender differences have also been reported, that is, BMI has been found to be negatively associated with eating frequency in men and positively associated in women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snacking frequency in relation to energy intake and food choices in obese men and women compared to a reference population

et al. 2005

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OBJECTIVE:To investigate snacking frequency in relation to energy intake and food choices, taking physical activity into account, in obese vs reference men and women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, descriptive study. SUBJECTS: In total, 4259 obese, middle-aged subjects (1891 men and 2368 women) from the baseline examination of the XENDOS study and 1092 subjects (505 men and 587 women) from the SOS reference study were included. MEASUREMENTS: A meal pattern questionnaire describing habitual intake occasions (main meals, light meals/breakfast, snacks, drink-only), a dietary questionnaire describing habitual energy and macronutrient intake and a questionnaire assessing physical activity at work and during leisure time were used. RESULTS: The obese group consumed snacks more frequently compared to the reference group (Po0.001) and women more frequently than men (Po0.001). Energy intake increased with increasing snacking frequency, irrespective of physical activity. Statistically significant differences in trends were found for cakes/cookies, candies/chocolate and desserts for the relation between energy intake and snacking frequency, where energy intake increased more by snacking frequency in obese subjects than in reference subjects. CONCLUSION: Obese subjects were more frequent snackers than reference subjects and women were more frequent snackers than men. Snacks were positively related to energy intake, irrespective of physical activity. Sweet, fatty food groups were associated with snacking and contributed considerably to energy intake. Snacking needs to be considered in obesity treatment, prevention and general dietary recommendations.

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The relationship between frequency of eating and adiposity in adult men and women in the Tecumseh Community Health Study

Cited by 107 publications

References 9 publications

Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older adults

Eating patterns and dietary composition in relation to BMI in younger and older adults

Meal patterns and obesity in Swedish women–a simple instrument describing usual meal types, frequency and temporal distribution

Snacking frequency in relation to energy intake and food choices in obese men and women compared to a reference population

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