The relationship between food addiction and patterns of disordered eating with exercise dependence: in amateur endurance athletes

Hauck, Carolin; Schipfer, Melanie; Ellrott, Thomas; Cook, Brian J.

doi:10.1007/s40519-019-00794-6

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(99 reference statements)

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“…It would be necessary to objectively examine (by means of accelerometers) the amount of physical activity performed. Furthermore, it would be interesting to explore whether there is any relationship with addictive behaviors towards sport, as it has been observed that in athletes the conjunction of both addictions exists [ 36 ]. Young university students may be trying to compensate for their addiction to food by over-exercising, which in turn may lead to a dependence on exercise.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Addiction and Lifestyle Habits among University Students

et al. 2021

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The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing in our society, with a complex, multifactorial origin, and associated with greater morbidity and mortality in the population. Food addiction (FA) is a common disorder in overweight/obese people, which appears to be increasingly common in young people. This study analyzed food addiction in a group of young university students and to examine its association with body composition, quality of sleep, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, physical activity/sedentary habits, tobacco or alcohol consumption, and health status. A total of 536 undergraduate nursing students participated in a questionnaire that included the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS 2.0). Up to 6.4% of the students presented FA. Statistically significant associations were observed in the variables for sleep quality odds ratio (OR) 4.8 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.66–13.87), anxiety/depression OR 8.71 (95% CI: 3.93–19.27), body mass index (BMI) OR 8.32 (95% CI: 3.81–18.15) and sedentary lifestyle OR 2.33 (95% CI: 1.09–5.01). A predictive model was developed after binary logistic regression (area under the ROC curve 0.84 (95% CI: 0.77–0.91). Students with FA presented higher BMI values, worse sleep quality, anxiety or depression problems, and more time spent in sedentary behaviors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Addiction and Lifestyle Habits among University Students

et al. 2021

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“…FA, in obese patients or university students, was consistently associated with self-report and other measures of impulsivity; associations with reward sensitivity were inconsistent, depending on the questionnaires used [ 34 ]. At last, FA prevalence was generally increased in patients with other chemical or behavioral addictions as compared with non-clinical samples [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, eating is necessary for survival and drug use is not; eating is intrinsically rewarding and reinforcing, and food consumption is well known to naturally activate the brain reward system. Most other authors, however, considered FA to fit better with SUD [ 4 , 7 , 13 , 37 , 41 , 42 ]. Two properties of food could participate in mediating liking, wanting, or craving: hedonic taste and metabolic shifts following ingestion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meeting of Minds around Food Addiction: Insights from Addiction Medicine, Nutrition, Psychology, and Neurosciences

et al. 2020

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This review, focused on food addiction (FA), considers opinions from specialists with different expertise in addiction medicine, nutrition, health psychology, and behavioral neurosciences. The concept of FA is a recurring issue in the clinical description of abnormal eating. Even though some tools have been developed to diagnose FA, such as the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) questionnaire, the FA concept is not recognized as an eating disorder (ED) so far and is even not mentioned in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders version 5 (DSM-5) or the International Classification of Disease (ICD-11). Its triggering mechanisms and relationships with other substance use disorders (SUD) need to be further explored. Food addiction (FA) is frequent in the overweight or obese population, but it remains unclear whether it could articulate with obesity-related comorbidities. As there is currently no validated therapy against FA in obese patients, FA is often underdiagnosed and untreated, so that FA may partly explain failure of obesity treatment, addiction transfer, and weight regain after obesity surgery. Future studies should assess whether a dedicated management of FA is associated with better outcomes, especially after obesity surgery. For prevention and treatment purposes, it is necessary to promote a comprehensive psychological approach to FA. Understanding the developmental process of FA and identifying precociously some high-risk profiles can be achieved via the exploration of the environmental, emotional, and cognitive components of eating, as well as their relationships with emotion management, some personality traits, and internalized weight stigma. Under the light of behavioral neurosciences and neuroimaging, FA reveals a specific brain phenotype that is characterized by anomalies in the reward and inhibitory control processes. These anomalies are likely to disrupt the emotional, cognitive, and attentional spheres, but further research is needed to disentangle their complex relationship and overlap with obesity and other forms of SUD. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment must rely on a multidisciplinary coherence to adapt existing strategies to FA management and to provide social and emotional support to these patients suffering from highly stigmatized medical conditions, namely overweight and addiction. Multi-level interventions could combine motivational interviews, cognitive behavioral therapies, and self-help groups, while benefiting from modern exploratory and interventional tools to target specific neurocognitive processes.

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“…This can generate withdrawal syndrome, anxiety, and irritability when training is missed, giving rise to what is called negative running addiction (NRA). NRA is manifested to a greater degree in long-distance runners [6] and competitive athletes due to their greater commitment to training in order to achieve the desired records [6,7]. Initially, NRA was associated mainly with men, but in recent years, studies have found that both sexes experience it [5,6].…”

Section: Introduction 1exercise Dependence In Competitive Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NRA is manifested to a greater degree in long-distance runners [6] and competitive athletes due to their greater commitment to training in order to achieve the desired records [6,7]. Initially, NRA was associated mainly with men, but in recent years, studies have found that both sexes experience it [5,6].…”

Section: Introduction 1exercise Dependence In Competitive Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Negative Running Addiction and Eating Disorder Patterns in Runners

et al. 2021

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Current studies show an increase in the risk of eating disorders in runners. Since it is known that abusive exercise can be both a cause and a consequence of such developments, the main objective of the present study was to examine the risk and possible relationships between negative running addiction (NRA), as measured by the reduced and validated SAS-40 scale, and the tendency to be a compulsive eater (measured by YFAS 2.0), anorexia nervosa (AN), and/or bulimia nervosa (BN) (measured by EAT-40). This study highlights the novelty of researching the level of influence of NRA on each defined eating disorder. Method: A total of 167 Spanish-speaking federated runners in cross-country and track running (42% women and 58% men), with an average age of 24 years and an average BMI of 21 kg/m2, responded to an online questionnaire that asked about sociodemographic data and the Spanish versions of the SAS-40, YFAS 2, YFAS 3, and YFAS 4. Through a quantitative methodology using logistic regressions—the coefficient of determination and Pearson’s correlation coefficient—we created a sample analysis that related the significant items of the DSM-V to the results of the questionnaires administered, as well as their relationship with the practice of the sport in question and various variables of the environment. Results: The rates of CE, AN, and BN were 65, 11.4, and 16.2%, respectively. The tendency towards CE increased with a lower weight (r = 0.156, p < 0.05), not having been overweight in childhood (r = 0.151, p < 0.05), and being a long-distance runner (r = 0.123 p < 0.05). The risk of AN increased with the absence of menstruation for more than 3 months (r = 0.271 p < 0.01), having suffered from childhood obesity (r = 0.213 p < 0.05), and being underweight (r = 0.064 p < 0.05). The risk of BN increased with having suffered from childhood obesity (r = 0.194 p < 0.05), having a higher weight (r = 0.140, p < 0.05), and practicing athletics, especially the relay modality (r = 0.044 p < 0.05). Conclusions: A considerable number of runners are at risk of suffering from some type of eating disorder. A significant relationship was observed between long-distance runners and the risk of eating disorders (AN, BN, and CE), and the association is stronger for CE than for AN and BN. Lastly, childhood experiences (such as being obese/a healthy weight) were notorious for increasing the risk of eating disorders. Further studies are needed to research each particular parameter and the relationships between the possible levels of dependence on exercise. Level of evidence: Level III, cohort analytic study.

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The relationship between food addiction and patterns of disordered eating with exercise dependence: in amateur endurance athletes

Cited by 18 publications

References 64 publications

Food Addiction and Lifestyle Habits among University Students

Food Addiction and Lifestyle Habits among University Students

Meeting of Minds around Food Addiction: Insights from Addiction Medicine, Nutrition, Psychology, and Neurosciences

Relationship between Negative Running Addiction and Eating Disorder Patterns in Runners

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