“…Fico, Hogan and Hogan (2000) report coefficient alphas between .50 and .70 with an average of .64 and test-retest reliabilities (n = 60) over a three-month interval ranging from .50 to .80, with an average of .68 There were no mean-level differences between sexes, racial/ethnic groups, or younger versus older persons (Hogan & Hogan, 2001). Various studies have used the HDS and have shown it to be a robust, reliable and valid instrument (Carson, Shanock, Heggestad, Andrew, Pugh, & Walter, 2012;De Fruyt et al, 2009;Furnham, 2006;Furnham & Crump, 2005;Harms, Spain, & Hannah, 2011;Khoo & Burch, 2008;Rolland & De Fruyt, 2003). …”