The Relationship between Different Age Swimmers’ Flip Turn Tem-poral and Kinematic Characteristics

Skyriene, V.; Dubosiene, Milda; Dubosas, Mindaugas; Eidukevičiūtė, M.

doi:10.5755/j01.mech.23.4.17852

Cited by 3 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…Also, the Tuck Indices determined in this study are in line with those reported in previous studies, i.e., 0.61 ± 0.1 and 0.68 ± 0.05 for female and male swimmers in the present study vs. 0.56 ± 0.1 and 0.71 ± 0.09 in previous studies (Blanksby et al, 1996;Skyriene et al, 2017). On average, the 5mRTT was the fastest in the reference trials, compared to both the close and far conditions.…”

Section: Manipulation Of Tuck Indexsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The WCT and F Peak results of the reference trials in this study were comparable to those of previous tumble turn studies (Lyttle et al, 1999;Puel et al, 2012;Cossor et al, 2014;Skyriene et al, 2017). The 5mRTT was shortest during the reference trials and longer for both the short and long WCT trials.…”

Section: Manipulation Of Wctsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…A Tuck Index of 0.57 ± 0.17 was reported in age-group swimmers (i.e., of 11.8 ± 0.7 years old) (Blanksby et al, 1996). This finding was replicated in subsequent studies, in which Tuck Indices ranging from 0.56 to 0.71 were reported (Cossor et al, 1999;Blanksby et al, 2004;Patz, 2005;Prins and Patz, 2006;Skyriene et al, 2017;Smithdorf, 2018). However, the literature also contains some inconsistent findings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…However, the literature also contains some inconsistent findings. Two studies reported a negative relationship between Tuck Index and turn performance (Cossor et al, 1999;Blanksby et al, 2004), while others reported a positive relationship (Cossor et al, 2014;Skyriene et al, 2017). This contradiction can be due to the large range of knee joint angles (29-161 • ) that were reported (Araujo et al, 2010) during the tumble turn.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The peak push-off force (F Peak ) has been considered the variable with the highest influence on the tumble turn time (Blanksby et al, 1996;Araujo et al, 2010). However, the generation of a high F Peak was reported to be closely linked to both the Wall Contact Time (WCT) and Tuck Index (Blanksby et al, 1996;Araujo et al, 2010;Cossor et al, 2014;Skyriene et al, 2017). The WCT is defined as the time between the first wall contact of the swimmers' feet and the end of wall contact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improving tumble turn performance in swimming—the impact of wall contact time and tuck index

David

Grove

Duijven

et al. 2022

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Race time can be shortened by improving turn performance in competitive swimming, but this requires insight into the optimal turn technique. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of Wall Contact Time (WCT) and Tuck Index on tumble turn performance and their interrelations by experimentally manipulating both variables, which has not been done in previous research. Eighteen Dutch national level swimmers (FINA points 552 ± 122) performed tumble turns with three different WCTs (shorter, preferred, longer) and three different Tuck Indices (higher, preferred, lower), which were recorded by four underwater cameras and a wall-mounted force plate. Linear kinematic and kinetic variables, including the approach velocity (Vin), wall adaptation time (Tadapt), percentage of active WCT (aWCT), peak push-off force (FPeak) and exit velocity (Vexit), were extracted from the recordings and analyzed statistically, using the 5 m round trip time (5mRTT) as performance measure. The results indicated that the WCT should be sufficiently long to generate a high push-off force at the end of wall contact when the body is in a streamlined position. This led to a significantly shorter 5mRTT than a shorter or longer WCT. A linear mixed effect model yielded negative significant effects of WCT (−4.22, p < 0.001), FPeak (−2.18, p = 0.04), Vin (−4.83, p = 0.02), Tadapt (−2.68, p = 0.002), and Vexit (−9.52, p < 0.001) on the 5mRTT. The best overall turning performance was achieved with a Tuck Index of 0.7, which suggests that some of the participating swimmers could benefit from adapting their distance to the wall while turning, as was exemplified by calculating the optimal Tuck Index for individual swimmers. These results underscore the importance of WCT and Tuck Index vis-à-vis tumble turn performance, as well as their interrelations with other performance determining variables in this regard.

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Section: Manipulation Of Tuck Indexsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Manipulation Of Wctsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Improving tumble turn performance in swimming—the impact of wall contact time and tuck index

David

Grove

Duijven

et al. 2022

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Inspiratory muscle fatigue at the swimming tumble turns: its occurrence and effects on kinematic parameters of the turns

Moravec¹,

Lomax

Ušaj

et al. 2023

Front. Physiol.

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Introduction: The present study had two objectives: 1) to investigate the effects of tumble turns on the development of inspiratory muscle fatigue (IMF) and compare this to whole swimming, and 2) to evaluate the effects of pre-induced IMF on the kinematic parameters of tumble turns. Fourteen young club-level swimmers (13 ± 2 years of ages) completed three swim trials.Methods: The first trial was used to determine the 400-m front crawl swim time at maximal effort (400FC). The other two trials consisted of a series of 15 tumble turns at the 400FC pace. In one of the turn-only trials, IMF was pre-induced (TURNS-IMF), whereas in the other turn-only trial it was not (TURNS-C).Results: Compared with baseline values, the values for maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (PImax) at the end of the swim were significantly lower at all trials. However, the magnitude of inspiratory muscle fatigue was less after TURNS-C (PImax decreased by 12%) than after 400FC (PImax decreased by 28%). The tumble turns were slower during 400FC than during TURNS-C and TURNS-IMF. In addition, compared to TURNS-C, turns in the TURNS-IMF were performed with higher rotation times and shorter apnea and swim-out times.Discussion: The results of the present study suggest that tumble turns put a strain on the inspiratory muscles and directly contribute to the IMF observed during 400FC swimming. Furthermore, pre-induced IMF resulted in significantly shorter apneas and slower rotations during tumble turns. IMF therefore has the potential to negatively affect overall swimming performance, and strategies should be sought to reduce its effects.

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Implications of the choice of distance-based measures in assessing and investigating tumble turn performance

Koster

Arnoldus

David

et al. 2022

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Although the tumble turn in swimming has been studied extensively, no consensus exists about which measure is best suited to capture its performance. The aim of this study was to better understand the implications of choosing a particular distance-based performance measure for assessing and investigating tumble turn performance in freestyle swimming. To this end, a large set of retrospective turn data consisting of 2,813 turns performed by 160 swimmers was analyzed statistically in three steps. First, a mixed-effects model was derived for the entire data set, which showed that both performance level and sex had clear effects on the distance-based performance measures and performance determining variables studied in the literature. Second, repeated measures correlations were calculated for the entire data set and four performance level- and sex-based subgroups to determine the level of association between the performance measures. This analysis revealed that the performance measures were strongly correlated (r > 0.84 and p < 0.05 for all possible pairs), largely independent of performance level and sex. This finding implies that the choice of performance measure is not very critical when one is interested solely in the overall performance. In the third and last step, mixed-effects models were derived for the performance measures of interest to establish the importance of different turn-related actions for each measure, again for both the entire data set and the four subgroups separately. The results of this analysis revealed that performance measures with short(er) distances are more sensitive to changes in the adaptation time and reflect the wall contact time better than performance measures with long(er) distances, which in contrast are more useful if the focus is on the approach speed prior to the turn. In this final analysis, various effects of performance level and sex were found on the technical execution of the tumble turn.

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The Relationship between Different Age Swimmers’ Flip Turn Tem-poral and Kinematic Characteristics

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Improving tumble turn performance in swimming—the impact of wall contact time and tuck index

Improving tumble turn performance in swimming—the impact of wall contact time and tuck index

Inspiratory muscle fatigue at the swimming tumble turns: its occurrence and effects on kinematic parameters of the turns

Implications of the choice of distance-based measures in assessing and investigating tumble turn performance

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