The relationship between conscious and unconscious influences: Independence or redundancy?

Jacoby, Larry L.; Toth, Jeffrey P.; Yonelinas, Andrew P.; Debner, James A.

doi:10.1037/0096-3445.123.2.216

Cited by 188 publications

(272 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…When familiarity was measured by the IRK procedure (Jacoby et al, 1997), the analyses confirmed these results. Consequently, contrary to Experiment 1, the better recognition performance for Target+/DistractorÀ might be explained only by R responses (recollection-based recognition).…”

Section: Remember Know and Guess Responsesmentioning

confidence: 61%

Mere exposure effect: A consequence of direct and indirect fluency–preference links

Willems

Linden

2006

Consciousness and Cognition

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In three experiments, picture quality between test items was manipulated to examine whether subjectsÕ expectations about the fluency normally associated with these different stimuli might influence the effects of fluency on preference or familiarity-based recognition responses. The results showed that fluency due to pre-exposure influenced responses less when objects were presented with high picture quality, suggesting that attributions of fluency to preference and familiarity are adjusted according to expectations about the different test pictures. However, this expectations influence depended on subjectsÕ awareness of these different quality levels. Indeed, imperceptible differences seemed not to induce expectations about the test item fluency. In this context, fluency due to both picture quality and pre-exposure influenced direct responses. Conversely, obvious, and noticed, differences in test picture quality did no affect responses, suggesting that expectations moderated attributions of fluency only when fluency normally associated with these different stimuli was perceptible but difficult to assess.

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Section: Remember Know and Guess Responsesmentioning

confidence: 61%

Mere exposure effect: A consequence of direct and indirect fluency–preference links

Willems

Linden

2006

Consciousness and Cognition

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“…In particular, gap-filling errors are based in familiarity that arises from generic knowledge about 1 Our analysis included the number of "remember" and "know" responses and assumed the two response types were mutually exclusive. Jacoby, Yonelinas, and Jennings (1997) argued that the response types may be independent, rather than exclusive, and recommended transforming "know" responses to get measures of "pure familiarity" by using the formula: F = Kll -R, where F is familiarity, K is frequency of "know" responses, and R is frequency of remember responses. We performed an ancillary analysis using this transformation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A demonstration and comparison of two types of inference-based memory errors.

Hannigan¹,

Reinitz²

2001

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Participants viewed slides depicting ordinary routines (e.g., going grocery shopping) and later received a recognition test. In Experiment 1, there was higher recognition confidence to high-schema-relevant than to low-schema-relevant items. In Experiment 2, participants viewed slide sequences that sometimes contained a cause (e.g., woman taking orange from bottom of pile) but not an effect scene (oranges on floor), or an effect but not a cause scene. Participants mistook new cause scenes as old when they viewed the effect; false alarms to cause scenes and high-schema-relevant items increased with retention interval. Experiment 3 showed that the backward inference effect was accompanied by false explicit recollection, whereas false alarms to schema-high foils were based on familiarity. This suggests that the 2 types of inferential errors are produced by different underlying mechanisms.

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“…Whether this assumption is met depends on the experimental paradigms that are used. Since the processes are not directly observable, the independence assumption is usually tested by looking for selective effects of variables conceptually identified with cognitive control or automaticity (Jacoby, 1991;Jacoby, Yonelinas, & Jennings, 1997;Payne & Bishara, 2009). As mentioned previously, in the studies reported here, two variables associated with controlled processing-instructions and speed of response-were shown to affect the C parameter while leaving H invariant; whereas responders' intuitive preference for the large numerator in equal trials affected H parameter but left C invariant.…”

Section: The Process Dissociation Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 98%

Analytic and heuristic processes in the detection and resolution of conflict

Ferreira

Mata²,

Donkin

et al. 2016

Mem Cogn

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Previous research with the ratio-bias task found larger response latencies for conflict trials where the heuristic-and analytic-based responses are assumed to be in opposition (e.g., choosing between 1/10 and 9/100 ratios of success) when compared to no-conflict trials where both processes converge on the same response (e.g., choosing between 1/10 and 11/100). This pattern is consistent with parallel dualprocess models, which assume that there is effective, rather than lax, monitoring of the output of heuristic processing. It is, however, unclear why conflict resolution sometimes fails. Ratio-biased choices may increase because of a decline in analytical reasoning (leaving heuristic-based responses unopposed) or to a rise in heuristic processing (making it more difficult for analytic processes to override the heuristic preferences). Using the process-dissociation procedure, we found that instructions to respond logically and response speed affected analytic (controlled) processing (C), leaving heuristic processing (H) unchanged, whereas the intuitive preference for large nominators (as assessed by responses to equal ratio trials) affected H but not C. These findings create new challenges to the debate between dual-process and singleprocess accounts, which are discussed.

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The relationship between conscious and unconscious influences: Independence or redundancy?

Cited by 188 publications

References 19 publications

Mere exposure effect: A consequence of direct and indirect fluency–preference links

Mere exposure effect: A consequence of direct and indirect fluency–preference links

A demonstration and comparison of two types of inference-based memory errors.

Analytic and heuristic processes in the detection and resolution of conflict

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