The relationship between cations and blood pressure in the People's Republic of China.

Abstract

SUMMARY Blood pressure was measured in the north and in the south of the People's Republic of China in 1002 men and 1006 women. The 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and creatinine was measured, and the relationship between urinary cations and blood pressure was studied. Blood pressure and 24-hour sodium excretion were higher in northern China than in southern China. With some exceptions, a positive correlation was found between urinary sodium and blood pressure and a negative one between 24-hour urinary potassium excretion and blood pressure. Urinary calcium correlated negatively and urinary magnesium did not correlate significantly with blood pressure. The sodium/potassium ratio correlated positively with blood pressure, and the calcium/magnesium ratio, negatively. This study confirms the positive within-population relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure in Oriental populations. (Hypertension 9: 654-659, 1987) KEY WORDS • blood pressure • epidemiology • sodium • potassium • calcium magnesium * sodium/potassium ratio * calcium/magnesium ratio A LARGE amount of epidemiological evidence links sodium consumption to blood pressure . level and cerebrovascular mortality.1 " 4 The relationship between sodium and blood pressure, however, is undoubtedly complicated by significant interactions between different cations influencing blood pressure 5 and by conflicting evidence concerning the within-population relationship between sodium and blood pressure.6 ' 7 The purpose of this article is to report data on urinary cations in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and to examine their relationship to blood pressure.Subjects and Methods A sample of the Chinese population consisting of farmers and nonfarmers was obtained in northern China in the region of Beijing and in south China in the region of Fuchow (approximately 1200 km south of Beijing). In the north 1003 subjects (498 men and 505 women) and in the south 1005 subjects (504 men and 501 women) participated in the study. There were 196

Relationship of blood pressure to sodium and potassium excretion in Japanese women.

“…This was obtained by weighing all foodstuffs prior to cooking (weighing method). Estimated sodium excretion of 161.9 mmole/day for Japan in the present study is lower than those in Korea (Kesteloot et al 1980), Japan (Ikeda et al 1986), Finland (Karvonen and Punsar 1977), Heidelberg (Schlierf et al 1980), China (Kesteloot et al 1987), and Japan in the Intersalt study (1988), and is higher than those in the U.S.A. (Watson et al 1980;McCarron et al 1984;Gruchow et al 1985), Belgium (Staessen et al 1981), and the Netherlands (Kok et al 1986). Potassium of 56.2 mmole/day in the present study is comparatively lower than in the Netherlands (Kok et al 1986) and Japan (Ikeda et al 1986), higher than in China (Kesteloot et al 1987) and Japan in the Intersalt study (1988), and is close to Korea (Kesteloot et al 1980) and western countries (Staessen et al 1981;McCarron et al 1984 ;Gruchow et al 1985).…”

“…; Kok et al 1986), whereas, in Oriental population studies, sodium intake correlated positively with blood pressure (Kesteloot et al 1980(Kesteloot et al , 1987.…”

“…Both epidemiological observations (Walker et al 1979 ; Kesteloot et al 1980Kesteloot et al , 1987Watson et al 1980 ; Staessen et al 1981; Khaw and Barrett-Connor 1984; Gruchow et al 1985) and animal studies (Dahl et al 1972) have suggested that a high dietary intake of potassium is associated with lower blood pressure. Some clinical trials have demonstrated lowering of blood pressure with potassium supplementation in both hypertensive (Iimura et al 1981;MacGregor et al 1982) and normotensive persons (Khaw and Thom 1982).…”

Dietary intake, blood pressure and osteoporosis

“…The 24 h urine collection quantifying sodium excretion is the accepted method in Diet, blood pressure and osteoporosis J Woo et al many epidemiological studies examining the relationship between salt intake and blood pressure. 25,26 However, collection of 24 h urine in elderly people is more prone to inaccuracies as the procedure is dependent on adequate manual dexterity and cognitive function. The volume collected tends to be less than the true 24 h urine output.…”

A comparison of dietary and non-dietary factors of hypertension and normal blood pressure in a Chinese population

“…Dietary and urinary sodium, urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio were significantly and positively correlated with BP, dietary and urinary potassium were inversely related to BP. 8,13,16,[20][21][22][23] Some Chinese investigations have indicated that average BP, dietary and urinary sodium, and urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio were consistently higher in the north than in the south of China, [2][3]23 and dietary sodium-to-potassium ratio was positively correlated with BP. 24,25 In the analysis of this study, we noticed an association between dietary variables and different BP patterns.…”