The relationship between bulk‐mass momentum and short‐period seismic radiation in catastrophic landslides

Ekström, Göran; Stark, C. P.

doi:10.1002/2016jf004027

Cited by 50 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In contrast, in our experiments, flow motion in both X and Z ‐directions contributes to the seismic generation and, in consequence, the radiated seismic energy correlates well with the total speed of the center of mass (Figure a). The second explanation of the difference with the observations of Hibert, Ekström, et al () is the same as the one we invoked to explain why we observe W el ∝ M instead of W el ∝ M 2 as observed by Norris () and Yamada et al (). In the Hibert, Ekström, et al () study, the good correlation between the seismic envelope amplitude and the flow bulk momentum in the X ‐direction may more originate from bulk related processes (bulk motion, long‐scale topographic variations), while in our experiments seismic amplitude may be more related to particle scale processes (particle diameter, speed fluctuations,...).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…For 12 large landslides that occurred worldwide between 1994 and 2014, Hibert, Ekström, et al () reported that the amplitude of the seismic signal envelope filtered between 3 and 10 Hz matches well temporally with the variation of the flow bulk momentum in the downslope direction, inferred from the low‐frequency content (<0.1 Hz) of the seismic signal. In addition, they found that the maximum envelope amplitude increases linearly with the flow momentum

M V_{X}^{C O M}

.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In contrast, a more complex empirical relationship

V \propto t_{s}^{1.0368} E A^{- 0.1248} A_{m a x}^{1.1446}

with t s , the flow duration and EA , the seismic envelope area, was found by Dammeier et al () using a statistical approach for 20 rockfall events. Hibert, Ekström, et al () observed a good temporal correlation between the modulus of the momentum of the flow and the amplitude of the smoothed envelope of the seismic signal in the frequency range 3 to 10 Hz, for twelve worldwide large landslides. Moreover, they showed that the maximum seismic amplitude is proportional to the flow momentum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Relations Between the Characteristics of Granular Column Collapses and Resultant High‐Frequency Seismic Signals

et al. 2019

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Deducing relations between the dynamic characteristics of landslides and rockfalls and the resultant high‐frequency (>1 Hz) seismic signal is challenging. To investigate relations that can be tested in the field, we conducted laboratory experiments of 3‐D granular column collapse on a rough inclined thin plate, for a large set of column masses, aspect ratios, particle diameters, and slope angles. The dynamics of the granular flows were recorded using a high‐speed camera, and the generated seismic signal was measured using piezoelectric accelerometers. Empirical scaling laws are established between the characteristics of the granular flows and deposits and that of the generated seismic signals. The radiated seismic energy scales with particle diameter as d3, column mass as M and aspect ratio as a1.1. The increase of the radiated seismic energy as slope angle increases correlates with a similar increase in particle agitation. Based on our experimental results, we revisit scaling laws reported in the field and discuss their possible physical origin. The discrepancy between field and experimental observations can be explained by the complex influence of the substrate on seismic signal and the difference of flow initiation in both cases. However, our empirical scaling laws allow us to determine which flow parameters could be inferred from a given seismic characteristic in the field. In particular, by assuming the flow average speed is known, we show that we can retrieve parameters d, M, and a within a factor of two from the seismic signal.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

M V_{X}^{C O M}

.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In contrast, a more complex empirical relationship

V \propto t_{s}^{1.0368} E A^{- 0.1248} A_{m a x}^{1.1446}

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Relations Between the Characteristics of Granular Column Collapses and Resultant High‐Frequency Seismic Signals

et al. 2019

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“…And the slide mass reaches the open terrain during this stage, as revealed by the trajectory fitted to field observations (Figures a and b), indicating that the deceleration of the slide mass is associated with the increases of hindrance from supporting force and friction. At the same time, corresponding seismic signals contain intense high‐frequency components (Figures a and b), which indicates granular collisions in the decelerating slide mass due to the strong impact force in the deceleration of the slide mass (Ekström & Stark, ; Hibert et al, , ; Schneider et al, ). The hindrance force would have a typical increase and decrease cycle while the slide mass decelerates to rest (Brodsky et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chain‐Style Landslide Hazardous Process: Constraints From Seismic Signals Analysis of the 2017 Xinmo Landslide, SW China

Chen

et al. 2019

JGR Solid Earth

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Landslides generally involve rapid acceleration and deceleration of huge mass in just several minutes, and their unpredictability have made real‐time detections of their rapid processes difficult. Seismic signals generated by landslides provide an excellent opportunity to obtain the time‐dependent observations on landslide's processes. We invert the force‐time function by fitting long‐period seismic signals generated by Xinmo landslide on 23 June 2017, SW China, and determine three‐stage dynamic processes within 104‐s duration of this event. Constrained by the field observed runout distance, we deduce the landslide's mass of about 9 × 109 kg with corresponding maximum velocity and acceleration of 58.8 m/s and 4.38 m/s2, respectively. Combining dynamic parameters, apparent friction coefficient, and seismic signal features, we depict a dynamic landslide process initiated by high‐position rockslide, traveled by rapid long runout debris, and deposited over an old landslide's deposition fan. The rapid process of the landslide is affected by multiple preconditions such as the structure, topography, and meteorology of the site, which is characteristic of a typical chain‐style landslide hazard and could be helpful to recognize potential slope instabilities.

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“…The model-based approach proposed by Levy et al (2015) predicts that a correlation can be found between the modelled force and the power of the short-period seismic signal for rockfalls that occurred at the Soufrière Hills volcano on the island of Montserrat. Hibert et al (2017) have demonstrated that, for 11 large landslides that occurred worldwide, the bulk momentum controls, in first order, the amplitude of the envelope of the generated seismic signals filtered between 3 and 10 Hz. These authors also demonstrated that the maximum amplitude of the seismic signal, corrected for propagation effects, is quantitatively correlated with the bulk momentum.…”

Section: As Well As Theirmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-block rockfall dynamics inferred from seismic signal analysis

et al. 2017

Self Cite

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Abstract. Seismic monitoring of mass movements can significantly help to mitigate the associated hazards; however, the link between event dynamics and the seismic signals generated is not completely understood. To better understand these relationships, we conducted controlled releases of single blocks within a soft-rock (black marls) gully of the Rioux-Bourdoux torrent (French Alps). A total of 28 blocks, with masses ranging from 76 to 472 kg, were used for the experiment. An instrumentation combining video cameras and seismometers was deployed along the travelled path. The video cameras allow reconstructing the trajectories of the blocks and estimating their velocities at the time of the different impacts with the slope. These data are compared to the recorded seismic signals. As the distance between the falling block and the seismic sensors at the time of each impact is known, we were able to determine the associated seismic signal amplitude corrected for propagation and attenuation effects. We compared the velocity, the potential energy lost, the kinetic energy and the momentum of the block at each impact to the true amplitude and the radiated seismic energy. Our results suggest that the amplitude of the seismic signal is correlated to the momentum of the block at the impact. We also found relationships between the potential energy lost, the kinetic energy and the seismic energy radiated by the impacts. Thanks to these relationships, we were able to retrieve the mass and the velocity before impact of each block directly from the seismic signal. Despite high uncertainties, the values found are close to the true values of the masses and the velocities of the blocks. These relationships allow for gaining a better understanding of the physical processes that control the source of high-frequency seismic signals generated by rockfalls.

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The relationship between bulk‐mass momentum and short‐period seismic radiation in catastrophic landslides

Cited by 50 publications

References 43 publications

Relations Between the Characteristics of Granular Column Collapses and Resultant High‐Frequency Seismic Signals

Relations Between the Characteristics of Granular Column Collapses and Resultant High‐Frequency Seismic Signals

Chain‐Style Landslide Hazardous Process: Constraints From Seismic Signals Analysis of the 2017 Xinmo Landslide, SW China

Single-block rockfall dynamics inferred from seismic signal analysis

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