The Relationship Between Assertiveness, Internal-External Locus of Control, and Overt Conformity

Williams, John; Warchal, Judith

doi:10.1080/00223980.1981.9915291

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Finally, and following precedent (e.g., Ecker, O'Reilly et al, 2020), a series of inference questions was given to participants as a more indirect measure of their claim belief. Measures of social assertiveness and need for authenticity were taken as covariates, as public belief expressions may be influenced by these traits (MacDonald & Nail, 2005;Santee & Maslach, 1982;Williams & Warchal, 1981;Wood, Linley, Maltby, Baliousis, & Joseph, 2008). It was hypothesized that both a pre-refutation descriptive norm and a refutation would reduce claim endorsement, and that the combination of the refutation with a post-refutation norm would be most effective.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, and following precedent (e.g., Ecker, O’Reilly, et al, 2020), a series of inference questions was given to participants as a more indirect measure of their claim belief. Measures of social assertiveness (SA) and need for authenticity (NFA) were taken as covariates, as public belief expressions may be influenced by these traits (MacDonald & Nail, 2005; Santee & Maslach, 1982; Williams & Warchal, 1981; A. M. Wood et al, 2008).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Combining refutations and social norms increases belief change

Ecker

Sanderson

McIlhiney

et al. 2022

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Misinformed beliefs are difficult to change. Refutations that target false claims typically reduce false beliefs, but tend to be only partially effective. In this study, a social norming approach was explored to test whether provision of peer norms could provide an alternative or complementary approach to refutation. Three experiments investigated whether a descriptive norm—by itself or in combination with a refutation—could reduce the endorsement of worldview-congruent claims. Experiment 1 found that using a single point estimate to communicate a norm affected belief but had less impact than a refutation. Experiment 2 used a verbally-presented distribution of four values to communicate a norm, which was largely ineffective. Experiment 3 used a graphically-presented social norm with 25 values, which was found to be as effective at reducing claim belief as a refutation, with the combination of both interventions being most impactful. These results provide a proof of concept that normative information can aid in the debunking of false or equivocal claims, and suggests that theories of misinformation processing should take social factors into account.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining refutations and social norms increases belief change

Ecker

Sanderson

McIlhiney

et al. 2022

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…May, 1996. Pearre, 1976. Williams & Warchal, 1981 δεν βρήκαν κάποια σχέση μεταξύ διεκδικητικότητας και τόπου ελέγχου σε φοιτητές.…”

Section: διεκδικητικότητα και τόπος ελέγχουunclassified

Η Επίδραση Ενός Προγράμματος Εκπαίδευσης Στη Διεκδικητικότητα Στη Διεκδικητική Συμπεριφορά Τον Τόπο Ελέγχου Την Ενσυναίσθηση Και Την Αυτοεκτίμηση Σε Έλληνες Φοιτητές Και Φοιτήτριες

Tsitsas¹

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The Effect of High and Low Assertiveness on Locus of Control and Health Problems

Williams

Stout²

1985

The Journal of Psychology

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The effect of high and low assertiveness on locus of control and health problems was examined with 78 direct-service workers in mental health and mental retardation settings in northeastern Pennsylvania. The direct-service workers completed the Rathus (1973) Assertiveness Schedule, the Rotter (1966) Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, and a health-problems inventory. Highly assertive individuals were found to be more internally controlled and to experience fewer health problems than were individuals low in assertiveness.

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The Relationship Between Assertiveness, Internal-External Locus of Control, and Overt Conformity

Cited by 8 publications

References 17 publications

Combining refutations and social norms increases belief change

Combining refutations and social norms increases belief change

The Effect of High and Low Assertiveness on Locus of Control and Health Problems

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