The Relationship between Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Europe

Bronzwaer, S L A M; Cars, Otto; Buchholz, Udo; Mölstad, Sigvard; Goettsch, Wim; Veldhuijzen, Irene; Kool, J. L.; Sprenger, M. J. W.; Degener, John E.

doi:10.3201/eid0803.010192

Cited by 608 publications

(373 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Therefore it is essential to introduce multidisciplinary interventions to reduce the inappropriate use of antibiotics to increase the lifespan of precious antibiotics. Studies have shown a relationship between Papers excessive use of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance and benefits of control [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi centre laboratory study of Gram negative bacterial blood stream infections in Sri Lanka

Chandrasiri

Elwitigala²,

Nanayakkara³

et al. 2013

Ceylon Med. J.

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Introduction Data on causative agents and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of blood stream infections in Sri Lanka is scarce. Information on trends of antibiotic resistance is necessary for the prescribers to treat patients effectively and policy makers to develop policies and guidelines.Objectives To lay the foundation for a national data base on antimicrobial resistance in Sri Lanka.Methods A prospective study was carried out in seven hospitals to study the Gram negative aetiological agents and their susceptibility patterns in patients suspected of having bacteraemia. We reviewed 817 patients with clinically significant blood cultures including both adults and children.Results Data were complete for analysis in 733 Gram negative isolates only. Of the 733 isolates, 488 were from adults (> 12 years), 109 were from children (1-12 years) and 136 were from infants (<1 year). Intensive care units represented 18.4% of the isolates (123 adult patients and 27 paediatric patients). The highest number of isolates (33.7%) was from patients with septicaemia of unknown origin. Enteric fever, pyelonephritis and respiratory tract infections accounted for 20% of the isolates. Bacteraemia with underline malignancies were responsible for 24.5% of infections. Salmonella paratyphi A was the commonest cause of enteric fever in adults with 92% resistance to ciprofloxacin. The prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae was high in this study population.Conclusions It is essential to introduce multidisciplinary interventions to reduce the inappropriate use of antibiotics to increase the lifespan of precious antibiotics. Introduction of a National antibiotic policy with strict implementation and a well-planned stewardship programme is essential to control antimicrobial resistance in our country.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi centre laboratory study of Gram negative bacterial blood stream infections in Sri Lanka

Chandrasiri

Elwitigala²,

Nanayakkara³

et al. 2013

Ceylon Med. J.

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“…There is growing concern regarding the resistance to uropathogens to antibiotics. The clinical impact of drug resistance may be great or insignifi cant, depending on the level of resistance, the site of infection, and the availability of eff ective, nontoxic therapeutic alternatives 7 . This prospective study was conducted to identify UTI due to multidrug resistant uropathogens among children and to evaluate empiric antibiotic therapy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi Drug Resistant Pathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Children at Kathmandu Model Hospital

Shrestha

Gurubacharya

Maharjan

et al. 2013

J. Nepal Paedtr. Soc.

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Introduction: Antibiotic resistance of urinary tract pathogens has increased globally. Updated knowledge of the antibiotic resistance patterns of uropathogens in the health institutes is important for the selection of an appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the multi drug resistant urinary isolates in the children from 1 to15 years and evaluate the options for empiric antibiotic therapy. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted from December 2011 to May 2012 in the Bacteriology laboratory, Kathmandu Model Hospital. Urine samples received in the laboratory were processed for routine, culture and its sensitivity. The antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates was determined following Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) recommended Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion method. Results: Of the total 372 urine samples received in the laboratory, 60 (16.13%) showed significant growth; of which 55.0 % (33/60) were MDR isolates. Escherichia coli were the predominant isolate from urine sample. Out of 49 Escherichia coli isolates, 27 (45.0%) were Multi drug resistant. Enterococcus faecalis (N=3) was the most predominant Gram positive isolate and 66.67 % (2/3) of this organism were multi drug resistant. Among the first line drugs used against gram negative isolates, nitrofurantoin was the most effective drug followed by quinolones, while among the second line drugs; meropenem was the most effective drug followed by chloramphenicol and amikacin, whereas; nitrofurantoin (100%) was the most effective drug for Gram positive isolates followed by norfloxacin and cefotaxime. Conclusion: High percentages of multi drug resistant uropathogens were revealed in children. Nitrofurantoin was found to be the most effective drug for gram positive, gram negative and multi drug resistant isolates.

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“…In Europe, studies combining data from the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption and EARSS showed that there was a high degree of consistency between β -lactam use and the rate of resistance in S. pneumoniae isolates. Rates of antibiotic resistance that were higher in southern and central Europe than in northern Europe were shown to be related to higher consumption of antibiotics in southern and central Europe (Bronzwaer et al 2002;Goossens et al 2005;Sande-Bruinsma et al 2008). In Japan, no database for antimicrobial prescriptions at the national or regional level is currently available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the Tohoku District of Japan: A Longitudinal Analysis from 1998 to 2007

Nishimaki

Okuyama

et al. 2010

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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The Relationship between Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Europe

Cited by 608 publications

References 19 publications

A multi centre laboratory study of Gram negative bacterial blood stream infections in Sri Lanka

A multi centre laboratory study of Gram negative bacterial blood stream infections in Sri Lanka

Multi Drug Resistant Pathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Children at Kathmandu Model Hospital

Trends in Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the Tohoku District of Japan: A Longitudinal Analysis from 1998 to 2007

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