The Relationship Among Sexual Compulsivity, Internalized Homophobia, and HIV At-Risk Sexual Behavior in Gay and Bisexual Male Users of Internet Chat Rooms

The Relationship of Internalized Homonegativity to Sexual Health and Well-Being Among Men in 38 European Countries Who Have Sex With Men

“…Similar studies of MSM, primarily from the United States, show that IH is associated with sex guilt (Rowen & Malcolm, 2002, describe sex guilt as a feeling of remorse associated with thoughts about or participation in sexual activity), greater frequency of sexual compulsivity (Dew & Chaney, 2005;, and likelihood of engaging in unprotected anal and oral sex (Ratti, Bakeman, & Peterson, 2000). Ross and colleagues (2013) found that higher IH was associated with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among Ugandan MSM but lower IH was associated with not engaging in anal sex at all, suggesting that it was the anal component of the sex that was most associated with IH rather than having a male partner.…”

Internalized Homonegativity, Disclosure, and Acceptance of Sexual Orientation in a Sample of Portuguese Gay and Bisexual Men, and Lesbian and Bisexual Women

“…Although there are no published epidemiological studies documenting the prevalence of internalized homonegativity among LGBT individuals, evidence from community studies have shown that this phenomenon is present in virtually all LGBT individuals in varying degrees of intensity (see, e.g., Herek, Gillis, & Cogan, 2009). Internalized homonegativity has been shown to be associated with low self-esteem, psychological distress, substance abuse, risky sexual behaviors, and suicide and suicide attempts-all of which have important health and clinical implications (Dew & Chaney, 2005;Lehavot & Simoni, 2011;Meyer & Dean, 1998;Remafedi, Farrow, & Deisher, 1991). In fact, internalized homonegativity is one of the most important factors affecting mental health of LGBT individuals (Gonsiorek, 1993) and the main issue in LGBT counseling and psychotherapy (Cabaj, 1996).…”

Sexual Behavior and HIV Testing Practices among Men who have Sex with Men in Portugal

“…Consequently, the identity development of MSM individuals is restricted by these negative societal attitudes, which generally results in the internalization of the stigma associated with their sexual and/or gender identity [25], which has been shown to be associated with risky sexual behaviors [26].…”