The relation of common inflammatory cytokines with anxiety and depression and their values in estimating cardiovascular outcomes in coronary heart disease patients

Abstract

Background Inflammatory cytokines are associated with the occurrence and severity of psychological disorders in cerebro‐cardiovascular disease patients. This study aimed to investigate the correlation of inflammatory cytokines with anxiety and depression in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients and their values for estimating cardiovascular outcomes. Methods Totally, 150 CHD patients and 50 healthy subjects were enrolled. Then, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, and IL‐17 in their serum samples were detected using ELISA assay; anxiety and depression were assessed by the HADS score. For CHD patients, major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were recorded and evaluated. Results CHD patients presented with increased TNF‐α (median: 50.0 vs. 37.0 pg/ml, p < 0.001), IL‐1β (median: 2.7 vs. 2.0 pg/ml, p < 0.001), IL‐6 (median: 24.7 vs. 24.3 pg/ml, p = 0.032), IL‐17A (median: 58.6 vs. 43.6 pg/ml, p < 0.001), HADS‐A score ( p < 0.001), HADS‐D score ( p < 0.001), anxiety rate ( p < 0.001), and depression rate ( p < 0.001) compared to healthy subjects. Then, TNF‐α ( p = 0.003), IL‐1β ( p = 0.023), and IL‐17A ( p < 0.001) were related to elevated HADS‐A score. Also, TNF‐α ( p = 0.014) and IL‐17A ( p = 0.020) positively, while IL‐10 ( p = 0.047) negatively related to the HADS‐D score in CHD patients. Interestingly, elevated TNF‐α and IL‐17A were associated with anxiety and depression occurrence in CHD patients (all p < 0.05). Inspiringly, only TNF‐α high, but not other cytokines, was related to elevated accumulating MACE ( p = 0.041), while no correlation of anxiety ( p = 0.173) or depression ( p = 0.068) with accumulating MACE was observed. Conclusion TNF‐α and IL‐17A correlate with anxiety and depression, while only TNF‐α high is related to elevated accumulating MACE in CHD patients.

Longitudinal change of six common inflammatory cytokines and their relationship to anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment in acute ischemic stroke patients

“…Psychological complications are common in cardiac-cerebral vascular disease patients ( 13 , 14 , 19 ). It has been reported that anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment rates can range from 20.4 to 39.2%, 26.2 to 31.2%, and 18.6 to 43.2%, respectively, among AIS patients ( 15 , 20 , 21 ).…”

“…Inflammatory cytokines are associated with psychological complications among cardiac-cerebral vascular disease patients. For instance, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐17A are elevated in coronary heart disease patients with anxiety and depression in comparison to those without these disorders ( 14 ). Elevated TNF‐α was correlated to the occurrence of anxiety and cognitive impairment in AIS patients ( 15 ).…”

“…It is well-known that inflammatory cytokines take part in the development of AIS, which damages neurons and accelerates atherosclerosis ( 11 , 12 ). Interestingly, inflammatory cytokines are also related to psychological complications in patients with cardiac-cerebral vascular diseases ( 13 , 14 ). For example, increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF‐α) and interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL-6, and IL-17A are linked to the occurrence of anxiety and depression in coronary heart disease patients ( 14 ).…”

“…Interestingly, inflammatory cytokines are also related to psychological complications in patients with cardiac-cerebral vascular diseases ( 13 , 14 ). For example, increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF‐α) and interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL-6, and IL-17A are linked to the occurrence of anxiety and depression in coronary heart disease patients ( 14 ). Moreover, TNF‐α is positively correlated with depression in myocardial infarction patients ( 13 ).…”

Vitamin B12, Folate, Homocysteine, Inflammatory Mediators (Interleukin-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and C-Reactive Protein) Levels in Adolescents with Anxiety or Depressive Symptoms

“…32 Evidence supported that patients with depression or anxiety had higher TNF-α, IL-6, or CRP levels, which were positively correlated with the severity of anxiety and depression symptoms. [34][35][36][37] Meanwhile, clinical researches showed that hyperhomocysteinemia or deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate was positively correlated with higher TNF-α, IL-6, or CRP levels in the general population or patients with diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and angiographic coronary artery disease. [25][26][27][38][39][40][41] However, no studies investigated the association between vitamin B12, folate, tHcy, TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP levels and symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescent patients.…”