The relation of behavioral inhibition and perceived parenting to maladaptive perfectionism in college students

“It Has to be Perfect!”: The Development of Perfectionism and the Family System

“…In addition, we propose (see Figure , Arrow 2) that children's temperamental characteristics may be directly related to the adoption of other‐oriented perfectionism. Although our proposition is speculative, the limited evidence regarding temperament and perfectionism indicates that high levels of anxiety and emotionality in children are predictors of perfectionism (Flett, Hewitt, et al, ; Randles et al, ; Turner & Turner, ). It may be that children who possess these characteristics use other‐oriented perfectionistic behaviors as a means to achieve control over the emotional dysregulation they feel.…”

“…When parents respond negatively, the child may become more dysregulated and engage in perfectionistic behaviors that further aggravate the parent, leading to a destructive and powerful cycle of perfectionism, critical parenting, dysregulation, and then additional critical parenting. In particular, children who are anxious may be particularly at risk because they have difficulty making independent choices, which elicits psychologically controlling parenting, which in turn predicts maladaptive perfectionism (Turner & Turner, ). In contrast, if parents have high expectations but are nonetheless warm and accepting of their perfectionistic child, the circular feedback loop may be much different, and parents may help stop the vicious cycle of perfectionism and decrease their child's motivation to engage in perfectionistic behaviors (Flett, Hewitt, et al, ).…”

“…In addition, Arrow 1b proposes a clear link between characteristics of children themselves and parenting behaviors. For example, children who are more temperamentally anxious are more prone to develop maladaptive perfectionism in the first place (Flett, Hewitt, et al, ; Turner & Turner, ). It may be these anxious behaviors have a negative influence on parents.…”

“…Finally, parental feedback to a child may shape the goodness-of-fit between the child's temperament and parents' behaviors. For & Turner, 2011 High BIS sensitivity related to and predicts maladaptive perfectionism Kobori et al, 2005 Temperamental reward dependence, persistence predicts self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism Richardson et al, 2014 Maladaptive perfectionists display higher levels of anxiety and poorer emotion regulation skills, including higher levels of emotion suppression and lower levels of reappraisal Arrow 1b: Links between child temperament and parent and family behaviors Dix, 1991 a Children's and parents' behavior is intimately linked with one another; children's behavior and emotions can trigger maladaptive responses from parents More research needed Arrow 2: Links between parent and family behaviors and child perfectionism Craddock et al, 2009 Parental authoritarian style, psychological control, and family enmeshment are related to maladaptive perfectionism Craddock et al, 2010 Family disengagement and rigidity are related to maladaptive perfectionism DiPrima et al, 2011 Maladaptive perfectionists report significantly higher levels of family standards and a higher discrepancy between their family's standards and their performance Hibbard & Walton, 2014 Authoritarian parenting style significantly related to higher perceptions of parental expectations and parental criticism (dimensions of maladaptive perfectionism) Soenens et al, 2008 Parental psychological control predicts maladaptive perfectionism for sons and daughters Wang, 2010 Maladaptive perfectionists report significantly higher perceptions of family standards and family order and a much higher discrepancy between family standards and their behavior Arrows 3a-3b: Links on the role of feedback in maladaptive perfectionism Smith & Thelen, 2003 a Feedback children and parents give to one another likely initiate and maintain maladaptive perfectionism Flett, Hewitt, et al, 2002 Perfectionists are highly evaluative individuals and are sensitive to assessment from others More research needed Note. Links are organized by arrow in the corresponding model.…”

Tanulást hátráltató, nem hatékony stratégiák és korrigálási lehetőségeik

“…Ezzel szemben a maladaptív perfekcionistákat a kudarctól való félelem hajtja (Turner & Turner, 2011). Míg az adaptív perfekcionisták tudnak örülni sikereiknek, belőlük hiányzik az elégedettség, mivel céljaik nem realisztikusak, és nem tudják tolerálni hibáikat (Lo & Abbot, 2013), sőt a félelmük forrása maga a hibázás, ami esetén felnagyítják a hibák jelentőségét és az átlagosnál csalódottabbá, sőt dühössé teszi őket.…”