The relation between short-term emotion dynamics and psychological well-being: A meta-analysis.

Abstract

Not only how good or bad people feel on average, but also how their feelings fluctuate across time is crucial for psychological health. The last 2 decades have witnessed a surge in research linking various patterns of short-term emotional change to adaptive or maladaptive psychological functioning, often with conflicting results. A meta-analysis was performed to identify consistent relationships between patterns of short-term emotion dynamics-including patterns reflecting emotional variability (measured in terms of within-person standard deviation of emotions across time), emotional instability (measured in terms of the magnitude of consecutive emotional changes), and emotional inertia of emotions over time (measured in terms of autocorrelation)-and relatively stable indicators of psychological well-being or psychopathology. We determined how such relationships are moderated by the type of emotional change, type of psychological well-being or psychopathology involved, valence of the emotion, and methodological factors. A total of 793 effect sizes were identified from 79 articles (N ϭ 11,381) and were subjected to a 3-level meta-analysis. The results confirmed that overall, low psychological well-being co-occurs with more variable (overall ˆϭ Ϫ.178), unstable (overall ˆϭ Ϫ.205), but also more inert (overall ˆϭ Ϫ.151) emotions. These effect sizes were stronger when involving negative compared with positive emotions. Moreover, the results provided evidence for consistency across different types of psychological well-being and psychopathology in their relation with these dynamical patterns, although specificity was also observed. The findings demonstrate that psychological flourishing is characterized by specific patterns of emotional fluctuations across time, and provide insight into what constitutes optimal and suboptimal emotional functioning.Keywords: psychological well-being, psychopathology, emotional variability, emotional instability, emotional inertia A fundamental feature of our emotions and feelings is that they change over time. The patterns of emotional fluctuations reflect how people deal with changes in the environment and how they regulate their emotions (Larsen, 2000), and both contribute importantly to their psychological well-being. Indeed, a surge of research focusing on the time dynamic patterns of emotional experience has shown that, next to how people usually feel or how they feel on average, the patterns with which people's emotional experiences change over time provide unique information that is relevant for psychological well-being. Here we present a meta-analysis of studies investigating the relation between on the one hand short-term dynamical patterns of emotions and on the other hand stable forms of psychological well-being and psychopathology, to identify the patterns of emotional change associated with general and specific forms of psychological health.We define psychological well-being as a broad construct that involves either or both the presence of positive indicators of psychologi...

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