The Relatedness of HIV Epidemics in the United States–Mexico Border Region

Mehta, Sanjay R.; Delport, Wayne; Brouwer, Kimberly C.; Espitia, Stephen; Patterson, Thomas L.; Pond, Sergei L. Kosakovsky; Strathdee, Steffanie A.; Smith, Davey M.

doi:10.1089/aid.2010.0021

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Similar to our previous reports ( Mehta et al, 2010 ), we found significant compartmentalization between the sampled HIV epidemics in San Diego and Tijuana (Fst p < 0.001). Nevertheless, of the 14 clusters that included individuals from Tijuana, five of these clusters included individuals who lived in San Diego.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Along international borders, like the San Diego–Tijuana region, understanding the dynamics of HIV transmission across reported risks, racial/ethnic groups, and geography on each side of the border, and how the epidemics are linked, will be important in the implementation of effective prevention efforts ( Mehta et al, 2010 ). Since HIV evolves rapidly, viral sequences isolated from infected individuals are typically unique, and transmission networks can be inferred by identifying sequences that are genetically closely related ( Smith et al, 2009 , Wertheim et al, 2013 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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HIV Transmission Networks in the San Diego–Tijuana Border Region

et al. 2015

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BackgroundHIV sequence data can be used to reconstruct local transmission networks. Along international borders, like the San Diego–Tijuana region, understanding the dynamics of HIV transmission across reported risks, racial/ethnic groups, and geography can help direct effective prevention efforts on both sides of the border.MethodsWe gathered sociodemographic, geographic, clinical, and viral sequence data from HIV infected individuals participating in ten studies in the San Diego–Tijuana border region. Phylogenetic and network analysis was performed to infer putative relationships between HIV sequences. Correlates of identified clusters were evaluated and spatiotemporal relationships were explored using Bayesian phylogeographic analysis.FindingsAfter quality filtering, 843 HIV sequences with associated demographic data and 263 background sequences from the region were analyzed, and 138 clusters were inferred (2–23 individuals). Overall, the rate of clustering did not differ by ethnicity, residence, or sex, but bisexuals were less likely to cluster than heterosexuals or men who have sex with men (p = 0.043), and individuals identifying as white (p ≤ 0.01) were more likely to cluster than other races. Clustering individuals were also 3.5 years younger than non-clustering individuals (p < 0.001). Although the sampled San Diego and Tijuana epidemics were phylogenetically compartmentalized, five clusters contained individuals residing on both sides of the border.InterpretationThis study sampled ~ 7% of HIV infected individuals in the border region, and although the sampled networks on each side of the border were largely separate, there was evidence of persistent bidirectional cross-border transmissions that linked risk groups, thus highlighting the importance of the border region as a “melting pot” of risk groups.FundingNIH, VA, and Pendleton Foundation.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV Transmission Networks in the San Diego–Tijuana Border Region

et al. 2015

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“…This may reflect introductions from other geographical areas such as North America and South America, perhaps associated with emigrants returning to their countries. Reported evidence of the link between the HIV-1B epidemics in the US and Mexico [60]–[62], or between epidemics in Panama and South America [8], would be compatible with this idea. Importantly, considering the relative long period of asymptomatic infection of HIV-1B, we should expect that the first AIDS reports must occurred around 8–10 years later of the true TMRCAs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Reconstructing the Timing and Dispersion Routes of HIV-1 Subtype B Epidemics in The Caribbean and Central America: A Phylogenetic Story

Pagán

Holguín

2013

PLoS ONE

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The Caribbean and Central America are among the regions with highest HIV-1B prevalence worldwide. Despite of this high virus burden, little is known about the timing and the migration patterns of HIV-1B in these regions. Migration is one of the major processes shaping the genetic structure of virus populations. Thus, reconstruction of epidemiological network may contribute to understand HIV-1B evolution and reduce virus prevalence. We have investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics of the HIV-1B epidemic in The Caribbean and Central America using 1,610 HIV-1B partial pol sequences from 13 Caribbean and 5 Central American countries. Timing of HIV-1B introduction and virus evolutionary rates, as well as the spatial genetic structure of the HIV-1B populations and the virus migration patterns were inferred. Results revealed that in The Caribbean and Central America most of the HIV-1B variability was generated since the 80 s. At odds with previous data suggesting that Haiti was the origin of the epidemic in The Caribbean, our reconstruction indicated that the virus could have been disseminated from Puerto Rico and Antigua. These two countries connected two distinguishable migration areas corresponding to the (mainly Spanish-colonized) Easter and (mainly British-colonized) Western islands, which indicates that virus migration patterns are determined by geographical barriers and by the movement of human populations among culturally related countries. Similar factors shaped the migration of HIV-1B in Central America. The HIV-1B population was significantly structured according to the country of origin, and the genetic diversity in each country was associated with the virus prevalence in both regions, which suggests that virus populations evolve mainly through genetic drift. Thus, our work contributes to the understanding of HIV-1B evolution and dispersion pattern in the Americas, and its relationship with the geography of the area and the movements of human populations.

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“…7,39,40,[45][46][47][48][49][50] Only patients in care were recruited into the study; individuals who abandoned treatment entirely due to mobility were not included in the sample. Another limitation is that this study does not provide data on the extent of mobility in the overall population of Dominicans living with HIV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Geographic Mobility Predict Barriers to Engagement in HIV Care and Antiretroviral Treatment Adherence

Taylor

Reyes

Levine

et al. 2014

AIDS Patient Care and STDs

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Migration and geographic mobility increase risk for HIV infection and may influence engagement in HIV care and adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Our goal is to use the migration-linked communities of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, and New York City, New York, to determine the impact of geographic mobility on HIV care engagement and adherence to treatment. In-depth interviews were conducted with HIV + Dominicans receiving antiretroviral therapy, reporting travel or migration in the past 6 months and key informants (n = 45). Mobility maps, visual representations of individual migration histories, including lifetime residence(s) and all trips over the past 2 years, were generated for all HIV + Dominicans. Data from interviews and field observation were iteratively reviewed for themes. Mobility mapping revealed five distinct mobility patterns: travel for care, work-related travel, transnational travel (nuclear family at both sites), frequent long-stay travel, and vacation. Mobility patterns, including distance, duration, and complexity, varied by motivation for travel. There were two dominant barriers to care. First, a fear of HIV-related stigma at the destination led to delays seeking care and poor adherence. Second, longer trips led to treatment interruptions due to limited medication supply (30-day maximum dictated by programs or insurers). There was a notable discordance between what patients and providers perceived as mobility-induced barriers to care and the most common barriers found in the analysis. Interventions to improve HIV care for mobile populations should consider motivation for travel and address structural barriers to engagement in care and adherence.

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The Relatedness of HIV Epidemics in the United States–Mexico Border Region

Cited by 10 publications

References 34 publications

HIV Transmission Networks in the San Diego–Tijuana Border Region

HIV Transmission Networks in the San Diego–Tijuana Border Region

Reconstructing the Timing and Dispersion Routes of HIV-1 Subtype B Epidemics in The Caribbean and Central America: A Phylogenetic Story

Patterns of Geographic Mobility Predict Barriers to Engagement in HIV Care and Antiretroviral Treatment Adherence

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