The regeneration capacity of an earthworm, Eisenia fetida, in relation to the site of amputation along the body

Xiao, Nengwen; Ge, Feng; Edwards, C. A.

doi:10.1016/j.chnaes.2011.04.004

Cited by 35 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Among the annelid species the earthworm E. fetida have been immensely exploited to monitor the different aspects of annelid regeneration. The regeneration potential and rate of survival of E. fetida are positively correlated with the number of segments retained in worm post amputation [13] . Confirming the certain influence of nerve cord in regeneration process, Morgan, 1902 reported the presence of ventral nerve cord at the amputated region is essentially required for the head regeneration in earthworm Allolobophora foetida [101] .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The earthworm Eisenia fetida , popularly known as the red wriggler worm, has always remained a species of interest to the environmental and regeneration biologists because of their easy availability, effective usage in controlling the waste management, extensive regeneration capacity and rapid growth and reproductive ability [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] . The morphological analysis has demonstrated the presence of both peptidergic and amine secreting neurons in the ventral nerve cord of the worm [14] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Annotation of nerve cord transcriptome in earthworm Eisenia fetida

et al. 2017

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In annelid worms, the nerve cord serves as a crucial organ to control the sensory and behavioral physiology. The inadequate genome resource of earthworms has prioritized the comprehensive analysis of their transcriptome dataset to monitor the genes express in the nerve cord and predict their role in the neurotransmission and sensory perception of the species. The present study focuses on identifying the potential transcripts and predicting their functional features by annotating the transcriptome dataset of nerve cord tissues prepared by Gong et al., 2010 from the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Totally 9762 transcripts were successfully annotated against the NCBI nr database using the BLASTX algorithm and among them 7680 transcripts were assigned to a total of 44,354 GO terms. The conserve domain analysis indicated the over representation of P-loop NTPase domain and calcium binding EF-hand domain. The COG functional annotation classified 5860 transcript sequences into 25 functional categories. Further, 4502 contig sequences were found to map with 124 KEGG pathways. The annotated contig dataset exhibited 22 crucial neuropeptides having considerable matches to the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii, suggesting their possible role in neurotransmission and neuromodulation. In addition, 108 human stem cell marker homologs were identified including the crucial epigenetic regulators, transcriptional repressors and cell cycle regulators, which may contribute to the neuronal and segmental regeneration. The complete functional annotation of this nerve cord transcriptome can be further utilized to interpret genetic and molecular mechanisms associated with neuronal development, nervous system regeneration and nerve cord function.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annotation of nerve cord transcriptome in earthworm Eisenia fetida

et al. 2017

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“…Earthworms appear to have a remarkable ability to fully regenerate tail-amputated tissues in a scar-free manner (Xiao et al, 2011). Previously, we have demonstrated that regenerated earthworm can perform higher wound repair ability to non-regeneration tissue through significant promotion of cutaneous wound repair in mice after the administration of G-90′ into wound beds compared to G-90 (Yang et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The up-regulation of two identified wound healing specific proteins-HSP70 and lysozyme in regenerated Eisenia fetida through transcriptome analysis

Yang

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2019

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

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A B S T R A C TEthnopharmacological relevance: Disposed earthworm has been used to treat various common ailments including burns, arthritis, itching, and inflammation for thousands of years in China. As their remarkable ability to fully regenerate in a scar-free manner, regenerated tissue homogenate of amputated Eisenia fetida (E. fetida) have been considered as an excellent wound repair therapy in our previous study. We have demonstrated that regenerated earthworm (G-90') can perform higher wound repair ability to non-regeneration tissue (G-90) through significant promotion of cutaneous wound repair in mice after their administration into wound beds. Objective: In the present study, we aimed to reveal the mechanism of G-90' and to explore a potential wound healing accelerated strategy. Methods and results: Two functional proteins-HSP70 and lysozyme in G-90′ were confirmed by cross-identification of LC-MS/MS and transcriptome analyses. Followed with semi-quantitative PCR and western blot, their expression were validated to up-regulate in 3-day regenerated tissues (G-90'). Conclusion: This study implies the therapeutic potency of G-90' for wound recovery and provides a new strategy to assess other natural materials targeting wound healing with the tail-amputated E .fetida as a model organism.

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“…Thus, in the earthworm E. eugeniae, regeneration does not depend on the length of the amputation segments but on the site of the amputation, i.e., with or without clitellum. However, in some earthworm spe-cies, e.g., E. fetida, regeneration depends on the length of the amputated segments [Xiao et al, 2011] but is not limited to segments including the clitellum. Another notable thing we observed is the formation of minute setae on day 2 of blastema regeneration, which may be the first organ developed in the blastema.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Role of the Clitellum in the Regeneration Events of the Earthworm <b><i>Eudrilus eugeniae</i></b>

Christyraj

Azhagesan

Ganesan

et al. 2019

Cells Tissues Organs

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Regeneration is a complex mechanism to restore lost or damaged body parts. In earthworms, regeneration capability varies among different species, and it is important to explore the mechanism behind the regeneration process. Interestingly, regeneration in earthworms is either dependent or independent of clitellum segments. In the present study, juvenile earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae) were amputated at 3 different sites, namely the head, clitellum, and tail segments (at segments 10, 15, and 30, respectively), and their regeneration ability was documented using a foldscope. The amputated segments having the intact clitellum were able to heal the wounds and form the regenerative blastema. The smaller portions of the amputated segments (segments 1-10 and 1-15) without intact clitellum were unable to heal the wound, and death occurs within 12-24 h. The larger portions of the amputated segments (segments 15 and 30 to anus) without intact clitellum were able to heal the wound but lacked the regeneration capability. In control worms, al-kaline phosphatase (ALP) signals were observed at the anterior tip, clitellum, and gut epithelium tissues, whereas, upon amputation, the enriched signals from the clitellum diminished, but profound signals were observed at the amputation site and regenerative blastema. Interestingly, on days 3 and 4, blastemal tips lacked ALP signals due to initiation of the differentiation process in the regeneration blastema. In summary, using a foldscope microscope, the role of the clitellum in the regeneration mechanism was indicated by ALP activity.

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The regeneration capacity of an earthworm, Eisenia fetida, in relation to the site of amputation along the body

Cited by 35 publications

References 21 publications

Annotation of nerve cord transcriptome in earthworm Eisenia fetida

Annotation of nerve cord transcriptome in earthworm Eisenia fetida

The up-regulation of two identified wound healing specific proteins-HSP70 and lysozyme in regenerated Eisenia fetida through transcriptome analysis

Understanding the Role of the Clitellum in the Regeneration Events of the Earthworm <b><i>Eudrilus eugeniae</i></b>

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