The reference value of blood lead level among the general adult population of eastern Iran

Nakhaee, Samaneh; Amirabadizadeh, Alireza; Zarban, Asghar; Nasirizade, Manizhe; Mood, Maryam Salmani; Ataei, Homeira; Shariatmadari, Mohammad Rasool; Brent, Jeffery; Mehrpour, Omid

doi:10.1080/10934529.2019.1640580

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…46 The average blood lead levels for these countries were lower than in our study. Whereas, the studies were presented that the mean blood lead concentrations for German and Iran populations were 3.07 µg/dL 47 and 5.11±7.41 µg/dL, 48 respectively, and the median level for China was 4.40 µg/dL, 19 which is relatively higher than our result.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 91%

Association between blood lead level and risk of stroke in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2013

et al. 2020

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ObjectivesAlthough lead is a potential risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as stroke, research on this association in the Korean population remains limited. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between lead level and stroke in Korean adults.DesignA population-based cross-sectional study.SettingThe Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2013, which enrolled a representative sample of the Korean population.ParticipantsWe excluded participants younger than 20 years, missing weight data, pregnant or lactating, and missing blood lead and stroke data. A total of 11 510 participants were included in this analysis.Primary and secondary outcome measurementThe participants were classified by blood lead concentration into the low-level (≤2.189 µg/dL, n=5756) and high-level (>2.189 µg/dL, n=5754) groups. The main outcome, stroke, was assessed by information from physician diagnosis, prevalence of stroke or treatment for stroke. The ORs and 95% CIs were calculated to evaluate the association between blood lead level and stroke using multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsAlthough blood lead level was not significantly associated with stroke (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 0.66–2.58) in the multivariate-adjusted model, in individuals with hypertension, the high-level group was 2.36-fold higher odds of stroke (OR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.02–5.44) compared to that in the low-level group. No association was observed in individuals with normotension (OR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.13–1.38, p for interaction=0.007).ConclusionThe association between blood lead concentration and stroke may be influenced by hypertension status. Our findings suggest the need for closer attention to lead exposure in patients with hypertension.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 91%

Association between blood lead level and risk of stroke in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2013

et al. 2020

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“…The prevalence of EBLL among the study participants was 84.5%. Occupation was a significant predictor of EBLL in our study, a finding that is supported by several other studies that associated EBLLs and lead poisoning with occupational exposure [ 1 , 12 , 13 ]. Blood transfusion has been considered a possible source of lead exposure [ 5 , 14 ], it is worrying that in this study, the prevalence of EBLL for apparently healthy blood donors was 65%.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Blood Lead Levels among Blood Donors and High-Risk Occupational Groups in a Mining Area in Ghana: Implications for Blood Transfusion among Vulnerable Populations

Agyemang

Acquaye

Harrison

et al. 2020

Journal of Tropical Medicine

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Lead poisoning has been a major global health problem for decades, and blood transfusion has been suspected as a neglected potential source of lead exposure. Children and pregnant women are most vulnerable to the toxic effects of lead and over 40 percent of blood transfused in Ghana is given to children under 5 years. However, there is little data on the levels of lead in donor blood and the main sources of lead exposure in the Ghanaian population. This study compared blood lead levels (BLL) among selected occupations at risk of lead exposure with healthy blood donors in nonexposed occupations in a Ghanaian mining area. We enrolled 40 participants each from the following high-risk occupational groups: small scale miners, painters/sprayers, drivers/fuel station attendants, and auto-mechanics as well as 40 healthy blood donors (made up of teachers, traders, and office workers). One millilitre of blood was collected from each participant for determination of their BLL, haemoglobin concentration, and blood film morphology. A total of 200 participants made up of 186 (93%) males and 14 (7%) females were enrolled. The mean age of participants was 28.6 ± 8.2 years and their geometric mean (GM) BLL was 6.3 GSD 1.4 µg/dL [95% CI: 6.0 – 6.6]. Participants in high risk occupations had significantly higher GM BLL of 6.7 µg/dL [95% CI :6.4−7.0] compared to 5.0 µg/dL [95% CI: 4.4−5.7] for healthy blood donors [p < 0.001]. The prevalence of elevated BLL (≥5 µg/dL) among the entire study participants, high risk occupations and blood donors was 84.5%, 89.4% and 65% respectively. There was significant association between elevated BLLs and working in an at-risk occupational group [aOR = 3.58, p = 0.014]. Haemoglobin concentration was not significantly associated with elevated BLLs. Basophilic stippling was not observed in any of the blood smears. Blood lead levels were high in blood donors and at-risk occupations in the study area and occupation was associated with elevated BLLs. It is important that measures to safeguard the integrity of donor blood go beyond screening for infectious diseases to include screening individuals in high-risk occupations for lead and other heavy metals to ensure that donor blood from such individuals is safe and does not pose potential danger to the health of vulnerable populations such as children and pregnant women.

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“…It shows these studies were performed in more contaminated locations since Tehran and Semnan are industrial cities with higher air pollution. Besides, In Iran, the leaded gasoline was extensively used until January 2002 [ 37 ] and accounted for higher BLC in those studies. Different periods separated by nine and 15 years from the current study, the different age range of studies, and greater exposure to some sources of lead can explain the differences observed in these results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood lead concentration and its associated factors in preschool children in eastern Iran: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2020

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Background Lead is a toxic metal that affects almost every organ in the body. Children are more susceptible to lead toxicity because they ingest non-food items (pica), have oral exploratory habits, absorb more substantial amounts of ingested lead compared to adults, and have a developing central nervous system. This study describes venous blood lead concentrations (BLC) in young children living in Birjand, Iran. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in 2016 on children 1–7 years of age who were referred to healthcare centers in Birjand City. Demographic information was obtained, and their BLC was tested using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Results Four hundred children were tested. Their mean age was 52.37 ± 23.77 months; their mean BLC was 2.49 ± 2.64 μg/dL (median 1.85 μg/dL). Thirty-two (8%) children had a BLC > 5 μg/dL. A logistic regression model revealed that per one unit of increase in age, the chance of an elevated BLC decreased by 3% (OR (95%CI): 0.97 (0.96–0.99), p < 0.01). The risks of an elevated BLC was 61% lower in girls compared to boys (OR (95%CI): 0.39 (0.17–0.92), p = 0.03). Further, per one rate of increase in the BMI, the chance of an elevated BLC was higher (OR (95%CI): 1.13 (1.02–1.24), p = 0.01). Children whose fathers were laborers had higher BLC than those with employee fathers (p = 0.01). Conclusion Of 400 children aged 1–7 years old living in Birjand, Iran, 8% had elevated BLC. BLC correlated with the child ‘s age, gender, body mass index, and father’s occupation.

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The reference value of blood lead level among the general adult population of eastern Iran

Cited by 13 publications

References 28 publications

Association between blood lead level and risk of stroke in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2013

Association between blood lead level and risk of stroke in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2013

Blood Lead Levels among Blood Donors and High-Risk Occupational Groups in a Mining Area in Ghana: Implications for Blood Transfusion among Vulnerable Populations

Blood lead concentration and its associated factors in preschool children in eastern Iran: a cross-sectional study

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