The Recognition of Autism in Children With Down Syndrome‐implications for Intervention and Some Speculations About Pathology

Howlin, Patricia; Wing, Lorna; Gould, Judith

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1995.tb12024.x

Cited by 97 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Case studies reported by Howlin Wing & Gould (1995) and Moss, Harris and Howlin (submitted) illustrate how failure to identify ASD characteristics or appropriate recognition of ASD symptomatology can have a significant impact on the individual's behavioral difficulties, mood and quality of life (see Box 1 for example case studies). As a point of caution, while the impact of accurate ASD diagnosis in individuals with intellectual disability and genetic syndromes is clear from these case examples, it is also important not to be over-inclusive of the term ASD (see Box 2 for example case study).…”

Section: Identification and Assessment Of Autism Spectrum Disorder Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Assessment and Presentation of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Associated Characteristics in Individuals with Severe Intellectual Disability and Genetic Syndromes

Moss

Howlin

Oliver

2012

The Oxford Handbook of Intellectual Disability and Development

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This chapter considers the prevalence and nature of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and associated symptomatology in the intellectual disability population, with particular focus on three genetically determined syndromes—Fragile X syndrome, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex, and Rett syndrome—that have received particular attention with respect to their association with ASD. It then considers the importance of accurate assessment and diagnosis of ASD in individuals with genetically determined syndromes. It describes the methods and tools available for assessing ASD in individuals with intellectual disability, and explores the appropriateness of these assessments for identifying ASD in individuals with genetically determined syndromes associated with intellectual disability.

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Section: Identification and Assessment Of Autism Spectrum Disorder Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Assessment and Presentation of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Associated Characteristics in Individuals with Severe Intellectual Disability and Genetic Syndromes

Moss

Howlin

Oliver

2012

The Oxford Handbook of Intellectual Disability and Development

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show abstract

“…There is also evidence of a significant incidence of attention deficits and conduct disorders in DS (Turk 1992, Krakow andKopp 1983). Furthermore, there are many reports concerning an association between DS and autism (Howlin et al 1995). It has been estimated that 5% (Ghaziuddin et al 1992), 7% (Kent et al 1999), or even 9% (Turk 1992) of people with DS have social interaction deficits meeting criteria for autism.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Autistic disorders in Down syndrome: background factors and clinical correlates

Rasmussen¹,

Börjesson²,

Wentz³

et al. 2001

Develop Med Child Neuro

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A study of a clinic-based sample of 25 individuals (12 females, 13 males; age at diagnosis 14.4 years, SD 7.4 years; age range 4 to 33 years) with Down syndrome (DS) and autism spectrum disorders, demonstrates that autism is by no means rare in DS. Results showed that there was a considerable delay in the diagnosis of autism as compared with children with autism who did not have DS. In 11 participants medical factors were identified that were likely to be of importance in contributing to the development of autism, and in four further participants there were factors of possible significance. Such factors include a history of autism or autism-related disorders in first-or second-degree relatives (n=5), infantile spasms (n=5), early hypothyroidism (n=3), evidence of brain injury after complicated heart surgery (n=2), or a combination of these factors. It is important that autism is recognised, identified, and fully assessed in individuals with DS in order for them to receive appropriate education and support.

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“…In addition, a number of case reports in the literature describe the occurrence of autistic spectrum disorders in people with DS (Wakabayashi 1979, Ghaziuddin et al 1992, Howlin et al 1995, Prasher and Clarke 1996, Kent et al 1998.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comorbidity of autistic spectrum disorders in children with Down syndrome

Kent¹,

Evans²,

Paul³

et al. 1999

Develop Med Child Neuro

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The aim of the study was to identify the comorbidity of autistic spectrum disorders in a population of children with Down syndrome (DS). All children with DS within a defined population of South Birmingham were identified. The Asperger Syndrome Screening Questionnaire and the Child Autism Rating Scale were completed and diagnosis made according to ICD‐10 criteria following interview and observation. Thirty‐three of 58 identified children completed the measures, four of whom received a diagnosis of an autistic spectrum disorder. This is equivalent to a minimum comorbid rate of 7%. The questionnaire items concerning social withdrawal, restricted or repetitive interests, clumsiness, and unusual eye contact were associated with an autistic disorder. Of the remaining 29 participating children, 11 also displayed marked obsessional and ritualistic behaviours. The comorbid occurrence of autism and DS is at least 7%. It is important that these children are identified and receive appropriate education and support. A full assessment of social, language, and communication skills and behaviour is crucial, particularly in children with DS who appear different from other children with DS. Potential mechanisms accounting for this comorbidity are discussed.

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The Recognition of Autism in Children With Down Syndrome‐implications for Intervention and Some Speculations About Pathology

Cited by 97 publications

References 17 publications

The Assessment and Presentation of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Associated Characteristics in Individuals with Severe Intellectual Disability and Genetic Syndromes

The Assessment and Presentation of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Associated Characteristics in Individuals with Severe Intellectual Disability and Genetic Syndromes

Autistic disorders in Down syndrome: background factors and clinical correlates

Comorbidity of autistic spectrum disorders in children with Down syndrome

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