The receptor phosphatase HmLAR2 collaborates with focal adhesion proteins in filopodial tips to control growth cone morphology

Baker, Maureen; Peterson, Sandra M.; Macagno, Eduardo R.

doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.05.522

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…In this regard, it is significant that NO can play a major role in control of growth cone movement and motility (Tornieri et al, 2007; Welshhans et al, 2007). Whether some of the interactions between growth cones that influence their movement (Shain et al, 2004; Baker et al, 2007; Baker et al, 2008) are also important for guidance of microglial migration is unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ATP and NO dually control migration of microglia to nerve lesions

Duan

Sahley

Muller

2008

Developmental Neurobiology

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Microglia migrate rapidly to lesions in the central nervous system (CNS), presumably in response to chemoattractants including ATP released directly or indirectly by the injury. Previous work on the leech has shown that nitric oxide (NO), generated at the lesion, is both a stop signal for microglia at the lesion and crucial for their directed migration from hundreds of micrometers away within the nerve cord, perhaps mediated by a soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). In this study, application of 100 lM ATP caused maximal movement of microglia in leech nerve cords. The nucleotides ADP, UTP, and the nonhydrolyzable ATP analog AMP-PNP (adenyl-59-yl imidodiphosphate) also caused movement, whereas AMP, cAMP, and adenosine were without effect. Both movement in ATP and migration after injury were slowed by 50 lM reactive blue 2 (RB2), an antagonist of purinergic receptors, without influencing the direction of movement. This contrasted with the effect of the NO scavenger cPTIO (2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-teramethylimidazoline-oxyl-3-oxide), which misdirected movement when applied at 1 mM. The cPTIO reduced cGMP immunoreactivity without changing the immunoreactivity of eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase), which accompanies increased NOS activity after nerve cord injury, consistent with involvement of sGC. Moreover, the sGC-specific inhibitor LY83583 applied at 50 lM had a similar effect, in agreement with previous results with methylene blue. Taken together, the experiments support the hypothesis that ATP released directly or indirectly by injury activates microglia to move, whereas NO that activates sGC directs migration of microglia to CNS lesions. ' 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 69: 60-72, 2009

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ATP and NO dually control migration of microglia to nerve lesions

Duan

Sahley

Muller

2008

Developmental Neurobiology

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“…Plasmid injections into nuclei of post-mitotic cells have been used in late stage embryos of the medicinal leech Hirudo to express reporter constructs as well as for functional studies, (Baker and Macagno, 2006; Shefi et al, 2006; Baker and Macagno, 2007; Baker et al, 2008). Previous attempts to drive ectopic gene expression in the early Helobdella embryo using plasmid injections were problematic, however; expression was highly mosaic (i.e., was seen in only a few of the progeny of the injected cell) and the injected lineage developed abnormally independent of the expression of the transgene…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High resolution cell lineage tracing reveals developmental variability in leech

Gline¹,

Kuo²,

Stolfi³

et al. 2009

Developmental Dynamics

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Knowing the normal patterns of embryonic cell proliferation, migration and differentiation is a cornerstone for understanding development. Yet for most species, the precision with which embryonic cell lineages can be determined is limited by technical considerations (the large numbers of cells, extended developmental times, opacity of the embryos), and these are exacerbated by the inherent variability of the lineages themselves. Here we present an improved method of cell lineage tracing in the leech Helobdella, driving the expression of a nuclearly localized histone H2B:GFP fusion protein in selected lineages by microinjection of a plasmid vector. This construct generates a long lasting and minimally mosaic signal with single cell resolution, and does not disrupt the development of most lineages tested. We have validated this technique by elucidating details of cell lineages contributing to segmental and prostomial tissues that could not be observed with standard dextran lineage tracers.

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“…yet been established in any oligochaete species, while four experiments have so far been reported on another order of annelids (leech, Hirudinea) (Baker et al, 2008;Shefi et al, 2006;Biswas et al, 2002;Baker and Macagno., 2000). In the analysis utilizing RNAi, a variety of animals are soaked in, injected with, or fed with RNA solutions to make their cells incorporate dsRNA or siRNA.…”

Section: Functional Analysis Of a Novel Gene Grimp In E Japonensis 157mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although molecular biological research on regeneration has been conducted in oligochaetes (Niva et al, 2008;Takeo et al, 2008;Myohara et al, 2006;Tadokoro et al, 2006;Martinez et al, 2005;Bely and Wray, 2001;Dupin et al, 1991), gene knock-downs have not yet been succeeded. So far, only four studies utilizing RNAi in other orders of annelids (leech, Hirudinea) have been reported (Baker et al, 2008;Shefi et al, 2006;Biswas et al, 2002;Baker and Macagno, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional analysis of grimp, a novel gene required for mesodermal cell proliferation at an initial stage of regeneration in Enchytraeus japonensis (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaete)

Takeo¹,

Yoshida-Noro²,

Tochinai³

2010

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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Enchytraeus japonensis is a small oligochaete species, which has a remarkable regeneration capacity. It has been proposed as a new model animal for the study of regeneration, and some histological studies of this species have been carried out. On the other hand, the molecular biological mechanism of regeneration is almost unknown in this species. To clarify the molecular biological mechanism operating at an initial stage of regeneration in E. japonensis, we isolated by the cDNA subtraction method five genes whose expression levels changed in the regeneration process occurring between growing and early regenerating worms. One of the isolated genes (a novel gene named grimp) was expressed transiently from 3 to 12 h post amputation only in neoblasts and a population of mesodermal cells (the non-neoblast grimpexpressing cells) incorporating BrdU simultaneously showed mitotic activity. We succeeded in inhibiting grimp expression by RNA interference (RNAi), thus applying this technique for the first time in Oligochaeta. In knock-down worms, the number of BrdU-positive neoblasts and the nonneoblast grimp-expressing cells in the coelom drastically decreased. Moreover, the elongation and the segmentation of blastemas were inhibited, while no statistically significant inhibitory effect was observed in epidermal and intestinal cells. These results suggest that grimp is required for initial proliferation of neoblasts and some mesodermal cells for regeneration.

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The receptor phosphatase HmLAR2 collaborates with focal adhesion proteins in filopodial tips to control growth cone morphology

Cited by 9 publications

References 59 publications

ATP and NO dually control migration of microglia to nerve lesions

ATP and NO dually control migration of microglia to nerve lesions

High resolution cell lineage tracing reveals developmental variability in leech

Functional analysis of grimp, a novel gene required for mesodermal cell proliferation at an initial stage of regeneration in Enchytraeus japonensis (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaete)

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