“…Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a sensitive and specific analytical biochemical method that can be used for the detection and quantitative or qualitative analysis of analytes without requiring sophisticated or expensive equipment ( Ferone et al, 2020 ; Nath et al, 2020 ; Rani et al, 2021 ; Kotsiri et al, 2022 ). At present, although traditional ELISA is widely used in scientific research and testing institutions and is the ideal method for the detection of viruses and antibodies ( Leva-Bueno et al, 2020 ; Navarro et al, 2020 ; Xiao et al, 2021 ), this traditional method is time-consuming and also requires skilled operation techniques and sophisticated instruments ( Luo et al, 2020a ; Razmi et al, 2020 ; Huang et al, 2022 ). So the researchers changed the traditional approach.…”