The Real Menstrual Cycle

Asso, Doreen

doi:10.1192/s000712500011904x

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Because women will be in the premenstrual or menstrual phase of their cycle 2 5 3 5 % of the time, only an occasional negative mood coinciding with that phase may be sufficient to maintain the belief they have PMS. Stereotypes also are resistant to change because contradictory evidence tends to be ignored or processed as an exception (Martin & Halverson, 1981;1983). Thus, even if women's moods during the premenstrual and menstrual phases are predominantly positive, or Mondays usually are pleasant, negative moods may be recalled.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another possibility is that individual women may believe they have menstrual moods when they really do not, or do so only rarely (Ruble, 1977;Ruble & Brooks-Gunn, 1979;Slade, 1984). For instance, women who occasionally or randomly experience negative moods during their premenstrual phase may look for a biological explanation (Asso, 1983;Koeske & Koeske, 1975;Slade, 1980). They usually know they will be menstruating shortly, so they may label their symptoms PMS.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…According to schematic processing theories (e.g., Taylor & Crocker, 1979), individuals' perceptions and experiences are filtered through their schemata. Information consistent with a schema is likely to be noticed and remembered whereas inconsistent information is likely to be forgotten, ignored, or changed to better fit the stereotype (see Martin & Halverson, 1981;1983, for a discussion in the context of gender schemata). A schemabased explanation could account for the discrepancy between the beliefs and experiences about Monday moods and belief in the Transylvania Effect as well as the classic menstrual mood pattern.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Mood Fluctuations: Women Versus Men and Menstrual Versus Other Cycles

McFarlane

Martin

Williams

1988

Psychology of Women Quarterly

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Mood fluctuations in women and men were studied both prospectively and retrospectively to determine whether cyclic changes occur over phases of the menstrual cycle, lunar cycle, and/or days of the week. The participants (1 5 women using oral contraceptives, 12 normally cycling women, and 15 men), who did not know the purpose of the study, recorded the pleasantness, arousal, and stability of their moods daily for 70 days (concurrent data). Later they recalled (retrospective data) their average mood for each day of the week and phase of the menstrual cycle (women only). The only evidence of mood fluctuation over the menstrual cycle in the concurrent reports was that normally cycling women reported more pleasant moods in the follicular and menstrual phase than did men and women on oral contraceptives. Women's moods fluctuated less over the menstrual cycle than over days of the week. Recollections of menstrual mood changes differed from actual changes: Women recalled more pleasant moods in the follicular phase and more unpleasant moods in the premenstrual and menstrual phases than they had reported concurrently. Bias also was evident in recollections of weekday mood fluctuations: Weekend highs were exaggerated and Monday blues were reported even though they were not reported concurrently. There was no evidence of mood fluctuations over the lunar cycle and the groups did not differ in mood stability. The retrospective reporting bias for both the This research is based on a thesis done by the first author under the co-direction of the second and third authors and submitted to the University of British Columbia in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.A. degree. Portions of this work were presented at the meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Halifax, June 1985.We gratefully acknowledge the helpful suggestions of Boris Gorzalka, Phillip Smith, Lawrence Walker, Janet Metcalfe, and James Russell.Requests for reprints should be sent to Jessica McFarlane, Psychology Department, 2136 West Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 1Y7.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mood Fluctuations: Women Versus Men and Menstrual Versus Other Cycles

McFarlane

Martin

Williams

1988

Psychology of Women Quarterly

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“…About 7–8 days postovulation, E level approaches its second maximum, this time together with P. P level reaches its peak at around cycle day 22 (midluteal phase, 4). Levels of E and P fall rapidly between cycle day 24–28 (premenstrual phase, 5) and a new cycle begins 7…”

Section: Functional Brain Organization During the Menstrual Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Hormonal effects on the plasticity of cognitive brain functions

Hausmann

2010

WIRES Cognitive Science

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Sex hormones have powerful neuronal actions in the brain and affect the interaction between functionally linked cortical areas within and across cerebral hemispheres, probably via their neuromodulatory properties on gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate receptors. Menstrual cycle-related dynamic fluctuations in functional cerebral asymmetries and interhemispheric crosstalk have been shown to be a useful experimental model to investigate the activating effects of sex hormones on cognitive brain functions, particularly those of estradiol and progesterone. Besides a better understanding of sex hormonal effects on cognitive brain functions, this research may significantly contribute to addressing the question of whether sex differences in cognitive brain functioning truly exist and where they originate from. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

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“…These findings suggest that the ME is sensitive not only to cholinergic activity, but to CNS activity or arousal in general . Since gonadal hormones are known to affect central activity and evidence suggests that CNS activity varies across the menstrual cycle (Asso, 1983;Richardson, 1992), we expected the ME to be sensitive to changes across the menstrual cycle.…”

Section: Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

The McCollough effect across the menstrual cycle

Maguire

Byth

1998

Perception & Psychophysics

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The McCollough effect (ME) has been shown to be sensitive to cholinergic agents, being strengthened by hyoscine (antagonist) and weakened by physostigmine (agonist), and possibly to more generalized changes in CNS arousal. We therefore expected the ME to be sensitive to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, being strongest in the postovulatory phases when arousal is low. In two experiments we found a highly significant effect of menstrual phase for the normally cycling women, but not for oral contraceptive users: ME strength gradually increased across the cycle, reaching a premenstrual peak. These findings may be explained in terms of hormonally mediated changes in arousal across the menstrual cycle.

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The Real Menstrual Cycle

Cited by 22 publications

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Mood Fluctuations: Women Versus Men and Menstrual Versus Other Cycles

Mood Fluctuations: Women Versus Men and Menstrual Versus Other Cycles

Hormonal effects on the plasticity of cognitive brain functions

The McCollough effect across the menstrual cycle

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