The reaction of selachii to injections of various non‐toxic solutions and suspensions (including vital dyes), and to excretory toxins

Defence mechanisms in fish

“…In mammals, the liver is well endowed with highly phagocytic Kupffer cells, but no phagocytic activity was observed in the plaice liver and Mackmull & Michels (1932) found none in the cunner, though Wislocki (1917) claimed that phagocytic celis analogous to Kupffer cells existed in the liver of carp. The dogfish liver, on the other hand, exhibited intense phagocytic activity for trypan blue by both the hepatic cells and Kupffer cells (Hoskins & Hoskins, 1918). This was the only organ in the dogfish where aggregation of phagocytes, which took place in the pre-existing accumulations of black pigment (melanin), was reported.…”

“…Present knowledge of specific defence mechanisms is centred on the nature and production of serum antibodies (Clem et al, 1967;Marchalonis, 1970), and the effects of environmental parameters such as temperature on the fish's capacity to respond to antigenic material by antibody production (Bisset, 1948;Cushing, 1970) or by allograft immunity (Hildemann, 1970). The non-specific lines of defence received much earlier investigation when phagocytosis and the fate of injected foreign particles was studied in teleosts and elasmobranchs by Wislocki (1917), Mackmull & Michels (1932) and Hoskins & Hoskins (1918), while Finn & Nielsen (1971) studied the inflammatory response under different temperature regimes in the trout.…”

The ontogenetic development of the reticulo‐endothelial system in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson

“…The trapping of carbon in the gills of young trout fry is of interest. This was not "Noticed in young carp (Grace, Botham & Manning 1981) or in adult plaice (Ferguson^^5 ), but Hoskins & Hoskins (1918) found that the gills of dogfish were highly ocytic towards trypan blue and carmine. Chilmonczyk & Monge (1980) demonstrated phagoeytic activity in the gill pillar cells of adult rainbow trout, injected intracardially with either colloidal carbon or latex spheres.…”

“…Wislocki (1917) and Hoskins & Hoskins (1918) studied the response to vital dyes in the carp and dogfish respectively. The phagocytosis of carbon has been followed in Tautogalabrus adspersus (Walbaum) (Mackmull & Michels 1932), Pleuwnectes platessa L. (Ferguson 1975;Ellis, Monroe & Roberts 1976) and Salmo trutta L. and Cyprinus carpio L. (O'Neill 1978).…”

Comparative studies on the immune system of fishes and amphibians: antigen localization in the carp Cyprinus carpio L.

“…The phagocytic properties of the lympho-reticular tissues of fish have been studied using vital dyes (Wislocki 1917;Hoskins & Hoskins 1918) or colloidal carbon (Mackmull & Michels 1932;Ellis, Munroe & Roberts 1976). Non-antigenic particulate material injected intraperitoneally in the plaice Pleuroneetes platessa L. apparently gains access to the circulation as free particles which are then phagoeytosed at three major sites-the ellipsoids ofthe spleen, the network of reticulo-endothelial cells of the haemopoietie tissue of the kidney and the macrophages of the intermuscular spaces ofthe atrium ofthe heart.…”