The rate of passage of food in the digestive tract of ruminants

Paloheimo, L.; Mäkelä, Anna R.

doi:10.23986/afsci.71327

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…This ratio between the two diets was almost the same at 6 h after feeding and at 24 h after the last meal. These workers found that concentrates were retained for a shorter period in the reticulo-rumen than hay, as shown previously by Paloheimo & Makela (1959), and no doubt this factor contributed greatly to the low weight of contents of the reticulo-rumen obtained with concentrate diets in our experiment. Table 12.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Rumen development in the calf

Stobo¹,

Roy²,

Gaston³

1966

Br J Nutr

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I . Twenty-four Ayrshire bull calves were reared on either high-concentrate or high-roughage diets to study the effect of diet on the subsequent ability of the calf to digest either concentrates or hay when given alone. The rearing diets were known to produce different types of rumen development. 2. Although there were significant differences between the apparent digestibility coefficients of the high-concentrate and high-roughage rearing diets and between concentrates and hay when given alone, the subsequent ability of the calf to digest either concentrates or hay was unaffected by the type of diet given during the rearing period to 13 weeks of age. 3. The amount of nitrogen retained was significantly greater in calves reared on the highconcentrate diet than in those given the high-roughage diet, but similar amounts of N were retained/Ioo g gain in body-weight in both groups. After the change in diet, the amount of N retained was significantly greater in calves given concentrates after a rearing diet high in concentrates than in those given concentrates after a rearing diet high in roughage, although in both groups 32% of the N intake was retained. Four of the six calves given hay after a rearing diet high in concentrates were in negative N balance, but only one calf lost weight. Only 19% of the N intake was retained in calves given hay after being reared on a highroughage diet. 4. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen contents rose to reach peak levels at about 3 h after food was offered; the concentration then declined. VFA concentrations tended to be higher in calves given the rearing diet high in concentrates than in those given the one high in roughage, and differences reached significance when the diet was changed to one of all concentrates or all hay, with no obvious carry-over effect of the rearing diet. The proportion of propionic, butyric and higher acids tended to be greater in calves given high levels of concentrates than in those given high levels of hay and also tended to rise, irrespective of diet, as the concentration of total VFA rose. 5. A change of diet at 14 weeks from one high in concentrates to one consisting entirely of hay resulted in a significant decline in the viable counts of streptococci, lactobacilli and coliform organisms in the rumen liquor at 16 weeks. The numbers of bacteria were unaffected by the other dietary changes. 6. The concentration of total VFA in plasma of peripheral blood tended to be higher in calves given the high-roughage or all-hay diets. A fall in the concentration of plasma VFA occurred when calves were changed from a high-roughage diet to an all-concentrate diet and a rise in concentration was observed when an all-hay diet replaced one containing a high proportion of concentrates. 7. During the initial rearing period the mean blood plasma glucose concentration was 92.8 mg/Ioo ml in calves given the high-concentrate diet, a value significantly higher than the mean value of 64.5 mg/roo ml found in calves given the high-roughage diet....

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Rumen development in the calf

Stobo¹,

Roy²,

Gaston³

1966

Br J Nutr

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“…It should be noticed, however, that wide variation has been found between animals in the same experiments (BINES andDAVEY 1970, MATHERS and and even on the same level of DM intake (PALOHEIMO andMÄKELÄ 1952, SKRISKANDARAJAH et al 1981). It is clear that the individual differences between animals have less effect when the results are expressed as an average value for many animals.…”

Section: Experiments Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In part of the material (MÄKELÄ 1956, PALOHEIMO and MÄKELÄ 1952, 1959, the net weights of the cows were converted to total weights according to TULLOH (1966 SETÄLÄ 1980) Trial 3, Diets 7a, 7b Trial 4, Diets Ba-d The digestibilities of roughage in vivo were determined according to 4 X 4 Latin square design in Trials 1, 3 and 4. Trial 2 was performed with three sheep, each of which received the same diet for the same length of time.…”

Section: Experiments Amentioning

confidence: 99%

The nylon bag technique in the determination of ruminal feed protein degradation

Setälä

1983

AFSci

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The investigation included experiments in which factors affecting the reliability of the nylon bag method were studied. The possibility of applying the feed protein degradabilities to practical feeding conditions was also examined. In the experiments concerning reliability, such factors as bag porosity, sample weight, sample treatment, washing procedure, diets, and differences between animals and incubation days were studied. The feed protein degradabilities were also determined by using as incubation periods the ruminal retention times for particulate matter of different feeds, evaluated as a function of DM intake/100 kg liveweight in different diets. A nylon bag, with a pore size of 40 µm and internal dimensions of 6 X 12 cm was selected for the degradability determinations. The sample weight used in incubations was 57 —60 mg DM/cm2. In the determination of feed protein degradability, when sheep are used as experimental animals, it is recommended that for routine determinations only one animal be used, analyzing the contents of two bags for each incubation period during two successive days. A control sample of which degradability is determined in advance in many sheep, should be used in all incubations in order to control the digestive processes in the rumen of the experimental sheep. The actual degradabilities analyzed by the bag method are applicable in practise, if they are determined using animals at similar feeding levels and on diets similar to those prevailing under the conditions in which the degradabilities are going to be used.

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“…Estimates of the mean retention times of DM and of cellulose were obtained by dividing the amount of DM or cellulose in the reticulo-rumen by the daily intake of the constituent concerned (Paloheimo and Makela, 1952;Minson, 1966). This calculation assumes constant fill and feed intake.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The growth of young cattle fed on dried grass alone and with barley 2. Effects on digestion

1971

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SUMMARY1. Young cattle were fed on four types of wafer containing chopped or coarsely-milled dried grass, with or without 50% of barley.2. At slaughter, the alimentary tract of each animal was removed and the contents of each part were weighed and sampled to determine the extent and site of digestion. Chromic oxide was used as an indigestible marker.3. The form in which the grass was processed had no effect on any of the parameters measured.4. The dry-matter content of the digesta in all parts of the alimentary tract was significantly higher when barley was included in the wafers. The inclusion of barley decreased the proportion of acetic acid and increased the proportion of butyric acid in the rumen liquor. The proportions of propionic and valeric acids were unaffected. Barley also appeared to reduce the proportion of digestible dry matter which disappeared in the forestomachs (31·44%) compared with that when grass was given alone (42·59%).5. With grass alone about 70% of the apparently digestible cellulose disappeared from the forestomachs, but the technique used did not allow a good estimation of these proportions when mixed diets were given. The retention time of dry matter in the forestomachs was not affected by the diet but the inclusion of barley in the wafers increased the retention time of cellulose in the forestomachs.6. Of 1·6·1·9 kg of starch ingested in mixed diets, 92-96% was apparently digested in the forestomachs, and only 80-130 g per day escaped rumen fermentation. The intake of starch on diets of grass alone was negligible and almost all the soluble sugars were digested in the forestomachs.7. More N was recovered at the omasum than was ingested, but the different diets had no effect on the site of digestion of N.

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The rate of passage of food in the digestive tract of ruminants

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

Rumen development in the calf

Rumen development in the calf

The nylon bag technique in the determination of ruminal feed protein degradation

The growth of young cattle fed on dried grass alone and with barley 2. Effects on digestion

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