The rate of heat storage mediates an anticipatory reduction in exercise intensity during cycling at a fixed rating of perceived exertion

Tucker, Ross; Marle, T.L.; Lambert, Estelle V.; Noakes, Timothy D.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.101733

Cited by 276 publications

(326 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…But more salient is the evidence showing that exercise is regulated "in anticipation" by an intelligent, complex system (14,15,20,(27)(28)(29) and not by a single component such as the cardiovascular system.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Point:Counterpoint: Maximal oxygen uptake is/is not limited by a central nervous system governor

Noakes

Marino²

2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Point:Counterpoint: Maximal oxygen uptake is/is not limited by a central nervous system governor

Noakes

Marino²

2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…Research in non-MS individuals suggest that skin temperature alone or the perception of the external thermal environment can be a major contributor to voluntary exercise intensity, such as found in the six-minute walk test. Cooler skin temperatures, independent of any changes in core temperatures, were reported to increase the distance cycled during a 30 minute cycling time trial 32 , while exercise in a 35ºC environment elicited a more rapid decrease in voluntary power output when riding at the same perceived exercise intensity compared to 15 and 25ºC 33 . However, the altered perception of cooling alone in our protocol did not appear sufficient to elicit an improved voluntary and self-paced performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Head Pre-Cooling Improves Symptoms of Heat-Sensitive Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Reynolds

Short

Westwood

et al. 2011

Can. J. Neurol. Sci.

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Exercise has proven to be an excellent intervention for managing the physical and psychological symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) [1][2][3] . However, up to 80% of MS patients experience a worsening of their condition upon an increase in body temperature 4 , including visual function 5 , weakness, spasticity, bladder symptoms, and numbness 6 . Anecdotal reports from many patients with MS suggest that sensitivity to heat is one of the primary barriers to performing daily activities and participating in exercise and/or rehabilitation, and this sensitivity can lead physicians to advise patients to avoid exercise because metabolic heat production can increase core temperature and thus exacerbate symptoms 3 . In turn, this lower level of physical activity can lead to a further loss of fitness, muscle tone, and most importantly, a decrease in function and quality of life 7,8 . A ABSTRACT:Background: Damage to the central nervous system by Multiple Sclerosis (MS) leads to multiple symptoms, including weakness, ambulatory dysfunction, visual disturbances and fatigue. Heat can exacerbate the symptoms of MS whereas cooling can provide symptomatic relief. Since the head and neck areas are particularly sensitive to cold and cooling interventions, we investigated the effects of cooling the head and neck for 60 minutes on the symptoms of MS. Methods: We used a double blinded, placebo controlled, cross-over study design to evaluate the effects of head and neck cooling on six heat-sensitive, stable, ambulatory females with MS (Extended Disability Status Scale 2.5-6.5). To isolate the effects of perceived versus physiological cooling, a sham cooling condition was incorporated, where subjects perceived the sensation of being cooled without any actual physiological cooling. Participants visited the clinic three times for 60 minutes of true, sham, or no cooling using a custom head and neck cooling hood, followed by evaluation of ambulation, visual acuity, and muscle strength. Rectal and skin temperature, heart rate, and thermal sensation were measured throughout cooling and testing. Results: Both the true and sham cooling elicited significant sensations of thermal cooling, but only the true cooling condition decreased core temperature by 0.37°C (36.97±0.21 to 36.60±0.23°C). True cooling improved performance in the six minute walk test and the timed up-and-go test but not visual acuity or hand grip strength. Conclusions: Head and neck cooling may be an effective tool in increasing ambulatory capacity in individuals with MS and heat sensitivity.RÉSUMÉ: Le prérefroidissement de la tête améliore les symptômes de la sensibilité à la chaleur chez les patients atteints de sclérose en plaques. Contexte : Le dommage au système nerveux central causé par la sclérose en plaques (SP) est responsable d'une multitude de symptômes dont de la faiblesse, une dysfonction ambulatoire, des troubles visuels et de la fatigue. La chaleur peut exacerber les symptômes de SP alors que le refroidissement peut en améliorer les symptômes. Comme la région de l...

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“…In support for the finding that T sk increases perception of effort independent of T es , Tucker et al recently used a "fixed" perception of effort exercise model to investigate the differences in exercise performance in cool and hot conditions [81].…”

Section: Warm Skin Temperature Increases Perception Of Effortmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the ability to generate force during maximal voluntary contractions in small muscle mass exercises, is impaired during whole body hyperthermia [55], which may offer some explanation for increased perception of effort at a given work rate in warmhot environments [81].…”

Section: Perception Of Effort and Fatiguementioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of Skin and Core Temperature on Cardiovascular Responses during Exercise

Lee

Coyle

2010

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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The cardiovascular effects of whole body heat stress during exercise are well established. However the independent contribution of elevated skin temperature (T sk ) or core temperature (T c ) on these responses remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine how increases in T sk and T c alone and in combination, impact cardiovascular responses during moderate intensity exercise. To accomplish this goal, eight healthy, recreationally active males were immersed to the neck in a cold (14 -17°C) or hot (40 -42.5°C) water bath for 20 to 25 min to alter T c immediately prior to exercise with either cool T sk (i.e. fans) or warm T sk (i.e. heaters). Conditions during exercise were cool skin and cool core (CC), warm skin and cool core (WC), cool skin and warm core (CW), and warm skin and warm core (WW), and were conducted in a randomized crossover design. v When data was combined (n=16), warm core conditions (CW and WW) were associated with significantly higher average heart rate (HR) and lower stroke volume (SV) during exercise compared to cool core conditions (CC and WC); 168.1 ± 3.2 vs.152.2 ± 4.0 beats/min and 139.2 ± 7.3 vs. 147.7 ± 9.4 mL/beat, respectively. The approximate 9 mL/beat decline in SV and 16 beat/min increase in HR in warm core conditions tended to increase cardiac output (Q), 23.2 ± 0.6 vs. 22.2 ± 0.7 L/min, P=0.078. Similarly, warm T sk conditions (WC and WW) were associated with significantly higher average HR and lower SV during exercise compared to cool T sk conditions (CC and CW); 165.2 ± 3.3 vs. 155.1 ± 3.4 beats/min and 140.8 ± 7.8 vs. 146.0 ± 8.7 mL/beat, respectively. Additionally, there was also a trend for Q to be elevated with warm skin (23.0 ± 0.6 vs. 22.4 ± 0.6, P=0.075). Although combined data indicated that warm T sk conditions significantly lowered average SV by ~6 mL/beat, there was no reduction in SV during exercise by warm T sk , when T es was cool (i.e. <37.0°C), as evidenced by identical values for SV in CC and WC, 147.7 ± 9.8 vs. 147.7 ± 9.0 mL/beat, respectively. In contrast, SV was significantly lower in WW compared with CW, 133.9 ± 7.0 vs. 144.4 ± 7.8 mL/beat, respectively. Therefore, the major reduction in SV by warm T sk occurred during WW, when T es was elevated (i.e. >38.0°C).Analyzing data independently for precooling and preheating conditions revealed that warm T sk was associated with greater HR drift from 5 to 20 min of exercise, compared to cool T sk , when esophageal temperature (T es ) was both cool or warm (23.9 ± 2.2 vs. 17.5 ± 2.3 and 12.3 ± 1.3 vs. 4.6 ± 1.7 beats/min, respectively). These observations demonstrate that both T es and T sk can directly influence cardiovascular vi responses during exercise, as indicated by elevations in HR during exercise with warm T sk , with both warm and cool T es . However SV is not compromised by warm T sk if T es is below 37.5°C. Furthermore, when both T es and T sk are elevated simultaneously, cardiovascular strain (i.e. increased HR and reduced SV) is much greater than when either is elevated alone. This is d...

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The rate of heat storage mediates an anticipatory reduction in exercise intensity during cycling at a fixed rating of perceived exertion

Cited by 276 publications

References 36 publications

Point:Counterpoint: Maximal oxygen uptake is/is not limited by a central nervous system governor

Point:Counterpoint: Maximal oxygen uptake is/is not limited by a central nervous system governor

Head Pre-Cooling Improves Symptoms of Heat-Sensitive Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Influences of Skin and Core Temperature on Cardiovascular Responses during Exercise

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