The rat proenkephalin germ line promoter contains multiple binding sites for spermatogenic cell nuclear proteins.

Galcheva-Gargova, Zoya; Tokeson, J. P. E.; Karagyosov, L K; Ebert, Karl M.; Kilpatrick, D L

doi:10.1210/mend.7.8.8232318

Cited by 11 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Previous studies suggested that Gli-related proteins were present in rodent testes and spermatogenic cells (Galcheva-Gargova et al, 1993). To address this directly, Northern analysis was performed on puri®ed mouse cells representing varying stages of sperm maturation (Figure 1).…”

Section: Expression Of Gli Genes During Spermatogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Characterization of Gli DNA binding activities in testis and male germ cells Nuclear proteins were previously detected in spermatogenic cell extracts that formed cell-speci®c complexes with a region of the rat and mouse proenkephalin promoters containing a Gli consensus binding element in reverse orientation (Galcheva-Gargova et al, 1993). Gel shift studies were therefore performed to verify whether authentic Gli DNA binding activities were present in testis, and in particular, in spermatogonial cells.…”

Section: Polysome Analysis Of Gli Mrnas In Mouse Testismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, multiple transcriptionally active proto-oncogenes are expressed in distinct stage-dependent patterns during spermatogenesis (Propst et al, 1988;Wolfes et al, 1989). We previously identi®ed a Gli consensus binding sequence within a region of the rat and mouse proenkephalin germ line promoters that formed speci®c DNA/protein complexes with germ cell nuclear factors (Galcheva-Gargova et al, 1993). This prompted us to investigate whether the Gli gene family is expressed during mouse spermatogenesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gli family members are differentially expressed during the mitotic phase of spermatogenesis

et al. 1997

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The Gli family of DNA binding proteins has been implicated in multiple neoplasias and developmental abnormalities, suggesting a primary involvement in cell development and di erentiation. However, to date their speci®c roles and mechanisms of action remain obscure, and a drawback has been the lack of a model system in which to study their normal function. Here we demonstrate that Gli family members are di erentially expressed during spermatogenesis in mice. Speci®cally, Gli and Gli3 mRNAs were detected in mouse germ cells, while Gli2 was not. Further, both Gli and Gli3 exhibited stage-dependent patterns of expression selectively in type A and B spermatogonia. Gli expression was somewhat higher in type B spermatogonia while the abundance of Gli3 transcripts was similar in type A and B cells. Gel-shift analyses also demonstrated the enrichment of DNA binding activity speci®c for the Gli target sequence in spermatogonial cells. These results indicate a selective role for Gli and Gli3 during mitotic stages of male germ cell development. Spermatogenesis may thus provide a unique opportunity to identify downstream targets and explore the normal function of Gli family proteins.

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Section: Expression Of Gli Genes During Spermatogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polysome Analysis Of Gli Mrnas In Mouse Testismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gli family members are differentially expressed during the mitotic phase of spermatogenesis

et al. 1997

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“…In order to explore transcriptional programs controlling spermatogenesis, we have previously examined the cell-and stage-specific regulation of the male germ line proenkephalin promoter in rodents (14,27). This promoter is expressed exclusively by spermatogenic cells and is highly up-regulated in pachytene spermatocytes and haploid round spermatids (55).…”

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confidence: 99%

Expression of a Novel, Sterol-Insensitive Form of Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2 (SREBP2) in Male Germ Cells Suggests Important Cell- and Stage-Specific Functions for SREBP Targets during Spermatogenesis

Wang

Liu

Millette

et al. 2002

Molecular and Cellular Biology

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Cholesterol biosynthesis in somatic cells is controlled at the transcriptional level by a homeostatic feedback pathway involving sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs). These basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-Zip proteins are synthesized as membrane-bound precursors, which are cleaved to form a soluble, transcriptionally active mature SREBP that regulates the promoters for genes involved in lipid synthesis. Homeostasis is conferred by sterol feedback inhibition of this maturation process. Previous work has demonstrated the expression of SREBP target genes in the male germ line, several of which are highly up-regulated during specific developmental stages. However, the role of SREBPs in the control of sterol regulatory elementcontaining promoters during spermatogenesis has been unclear. In particular, expression of several of these genes in male germ cells appears to be insensitive to sterols, contrary to SREBP-dependent gene regulation in somatic cells. Here, we have characterized a novel isoform of the transcription factor SREBP2, which is highly enriched in rat and mouse spermatogenic cells. This protein, SREBP2gc, is expressed in a stage-dependent fashion as a soluble, constitutively active transcription factor that is not subject to feedback control by sterols. These findings likely explain the apparent sterol-insensitive expression of lipid synthesis genes during spermatogenesis. Expression of a sterol-independent, constitutively active SREBP2gc in the male germ line may have arisen as a means to regulate SREBP target genes in specific developmental stages. This may reflect unique roles for cholesterol synthesis and other functional targets of SREBPs during spermatogenesis.

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“…These cells use an independent, alternate promoter within the single copy proenkephalin gene to synthesize a novel 1700-nt germ cellspecific mRNA (21). Previous studies have demonstrated that the rat proenkephalin germ line promoter is contained within a 500-bp TATA-less sequence located within the first somatic intron (22). While the upstream somatic promoter contains functional CRE elements (23), the germ line proenkephalin promoter lacks such consensus sequences.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Repeat Elements Direct Rat Proenkephalin Transcription during Spermatogenesis

Liu

Tokeson

Persengiev

et al. 1997

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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The developmental program controlling sperm formation occurs in multiple stages that sequentially involve mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis. The transcriptional mechanisms regulating these distinct phases are poorly understood. In particular, while a required role for the germ cell transcription factor cyclic AMP response element modulator-during spermiogenesis has recently been demonstrated, the transcriptional mechanisms leading to early haploid cell formation are unknown. The rat and mouse proenkephalin genes are selectively expressed from an alternate, germ cell-specific promoter in meiotic and early haploid cells. In this study, the minimal rat proenkephalin germ line promoter was localized to a 116-bp region encompassing the transcriptional start site region. Further, a proximal 51-bp sequence located in the 5-flanking region is absolutely required for germ line promoter activity. This 51 bp sequence corresponds to a previously characterized binding element (GCP1) that forms cell-specific complexes with rat spermatogenic cell nuclear factors distinct from cyclic AMP response element binding proteins. Further, GCP1 contains novel direct repeat sequences required for factor binding and transgene expression in spermatogenic cells. These repeat elements are highly similar to sequences within the active regions of other male germ line promoters expressed during meiosis. GCP1 may therefore contain transcriptional elements that participate more generally during meiosis in the differentiation of spermatocytes and early haploid spermatids.

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The rat proenkephalin germ line promoter contains multiple binding sites for spermatogenic cell nuclear proteins.

Cited by 11 publications

References 20 publications

Gli family members are differentially expressed during the mitotic phase of spermatogenesis

Gli family members are differentially expressed during the mitotic phase of spermatogenesis

Expression of a Novel, Sterol-Insensitive Form of Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2 (SREBP2) in Male Germ Cells Suggests Important Cell- and Stage-Specific Functions for SREBP Targets during Spermatogenesis

Novel Repeat Elements Direct Rat Proenkephalin Transcription during Spermatogenesis

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