The quest for residential normalcy by older adults: Relocation but one pathway

Relocation to ordinary or special housing in very old age: aspects of housing and health

“…Exploring aspects of health and housing as well as composite variables that capture P-E fit can deepen the knowledge on the complex interactions that are related to relocation in very old age. The variables that were related to a move within the ordinary housing stock (Table 5) might be interpreted as a support for proactivity according to Lawton (1989) as well as for the employment of coping strategies according to Golant (2011). The indication that cognitive decline, dependence in the I-ADL cooking, and accessibility problems are related to a move to special housing within 4 years is in line with the assumptions implied by the ecological model of ageing.…”

“…Linking to the dynamics of proactivity, relocation can also be viewed as a coping strategy, however, occurring only if the individual perceives a future move as viable and not too overwhelming. Moreover, an alternative residential environment perceived as a better place to fulfil needs and goals of everyday life than the current one represents an additional motivational factor (Golant 2011).…”

What Will Long-Term Care Be Like in 2040?

“…However, perhaps a more defining principle in the future will be the search for residential normalcy-that is, settings that maximize both comfort and a sense of mastery [32]. Such an approach would give legitimacy to a much wider range of options, and in that context, having several different models of care would help the largest proportion of long-term care users to maximize their personal sense of residential normalcy.…”

居住常态理论和美国老年人就地养老行为分析①

“…Older people typically decide to move-at least voluntarily-only if they have satisfied the following five conditions (Golant, 2011).…”

“…了解他们， 能够欣赏或者至少容忍他们独特的行为 或生活方式， 他们也无需一直向别人介绍和证明自 己 (Cumming et al, 1962 (Golant, 1984)。这些地方可能出现社会秩序混乱 (如犯罪、 毒品、 酗酒、 破坏公物)， 建筑物废弃或破 败。老年人一般会减少外出， 因为独自外出缺乏安 全感； 并且， 这些地方往往缺少休闲娱乐的条件(如 公园、 广场、 图书馆和为老年人组织的活动)， 及保 健和长期照护服务 (Krause, 2003;Yao et al, 2008)。 第六， 大量的美国老年人住在公共交通不能覆 盖的人口稀疏的城市郊区或农村地区。当他们还 能开车时， 购物等日常活动尚无多大困难。然而随 着年龄增大， 开车变得不可能或不安全。许多上年 纪的寡居老人也存在交通困难， 因为她们再也不能 依靠丈夫送自己到目的地 (Mezuk et al, 2008;Connell et al, 2013 (Golant, 1998)。 为了解老年人如何评价其居所， 本文援引作者 以前构建的居住常态理论模型(The Residential Normalcy Theoretical Model) 加 以 分 析 (Golant, 2011)。 模型假定： 当老年人拥有符合他们需求和目标的合 适居所时， 就会表现出总体良好或积极的情感体 验； 它进一步解释了一些老年人能更加有效地应对 其住所的麻烦或不足的原因(图 1)。 4.1 居住情感体验 地理学家早就认识到有必要研究人们对其居 住或活动其中的住所的感受 (Rowles, 1978;Milligan, 2005;Andrews et al, 2013Andrews et al, , 2014Skinner et al, 2015)。同样， 心理学家认为个体的情绪反应代表 了 " 人 类 应 对 各 种 环 境 的 共 同 核 心 " (Mehrabian, 1980)。研究人类寿命的学者尤其强调情感的激励 作用 (Magai, 2001)。居住常态理论模型区分了两类 独 立 的 情 感 体 验 ： 居 住 舒 适 情 感 体 验 (residential comfort emotional experiences)和居住掌控情感体验 (residential mastery emotional experiences)。模型认 为， 如果这两组体验都是整体上满意或肯定的， 则 老年人达到居住常态 (Golant, 2011) (Kanner et al, 1981) Skodol, 2010;Aldwin et al, 2012;Wiles et al, 2012b;Wild et al, 2013) (Langer et al, 1983;Lieberman, 1991;Morgan et al, 2013 Abstract: Older Americans prefer to remain in their current dwellings as long as possible and usually move infrequently, that is, they age in place. This paper explains their infrequent relocation adjustments and shows that this residential inertia results in significant shares of older people who live in unaffordable dwellings with physical deficiencies, in neighborhoods with various undesirable physical and social changes, and who are socially isolated with unmet long-term care needs.…”