The Quality of Stored Rainwater for Washing Purposes

Struk-Sokołowska, Joanna; Gwoździej-Mazur, Joanna; Jadwiszczak, Piotr; Butarewicz, Andrzej; Ofman, Piotr; Wdowikowski, Marcin; Kaźmierczak, Bartosz

doi:10.3390/w12010252

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This paper presents a general model for analysing residential RWH systems to assess the impact of rainfall patterns on the reliability of such systems in Poland. The recommended storage period for rainwater for individual RWH systems is 2-3 weeks, with the possibility of safe prolongation up to 4 weeks [46]. The analysis assumes a typical water storage period of 20 days, in which the rainwater tank capacity allows it to meet the indoor rainwater requirements.…”

Section: Rainwater Storage Period and Tank Capacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Trends in 20-Day Cumulative Precipitation for Residential Rainwater Harvesting in Poland

Canales

Gwoździej-Mazur

Jadwiszczak

et al. 2020

Water

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Rainwater harvesting (RWH) for domestic uses is widely regarded as an economic and ecological solution in water conservation and storm management programs. This paper aims at evaluating long-term trends in 20-day cumulative rainfall periods per year in Poland, for assessing its impact on the design and operation conditions for RWH systems and resource availability. The time-series employed corresponds to a set of 50-year long time-series of rainfall (from 1970 to 2019) recorded at 19 synoptic meteorological stations scattered across Poland, one of the European countries with the lowest water availability index. The methods employed for assessing trends were the Mann–Kendall test (M–K) and the Sen’s slope estimator. Most of the datasets exhibit stationary behaviour during the 50-year long period, however, statistically significant downward trends were detected for precipitations in Wrocław and Opole. The findings of this study are valuable assets for integrated water management and sustainable planning in Poland.

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Section: Rainwater Storage Period and Tank Capacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Trends in 20-Day Cumulative Precipitation for Residential Rainwater Harvesting in Poland

Canales

Gwoździej-Mazur

Jadwiszczak

et al. 2020

Water

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“…Regarding washing dishes and bathing, 87.91% and 71.28% of households indicated that they use it to wash their dishes and bathing respectively. Regarding cleaning of house floor, 91.49% of respondent used it to clean the floor of the house (Struck-Sokolowska et al, 2020).…”

Section: Different Uses Of Rainwatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Socioeconomic Status and Rainwater Consumption in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria

Adeosun¹,

Omonona²

2021

jae

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The study examined the influence of socioeconomic factors on the utilization of rainwater among households in Ibadan metropolis, Oyo-State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire from 126 randomly selected households. A double-hurdle estimation model using Ordered Probit with sample selection and Probit-Truncated Negative Binomial model were used. The findings of the study indicated that the sex of the household head, marital status, female household size, education, occupation, size of rainwater collection material, root-top structure are important determinants of extent of rainwater usage. Male headed household, education, and size of rainwater collection material positively and significantly influenced the frequency of rainwater usage, while sex and occupation inversely and significantly influenced the frequency of rainwater usage. Likewise, education, size of rainwater collection material, roof-top structure positively associated with the number of uses of rainwater. The study concludes that the socioeconomic status of the household is an important determining factor in the harvesting and utilization of rainwater. Therefore, policy on rainwater harvesting and usage should consider the significant socioeconomic factors of the household as a starting point in the decision process.

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“…However, the quality of harvested rainwater will deteriorate through extreme events that occur from the worst climate change. The drought seasons will enhance the accumulation of pollutants on the roof including heavy metals from polluted air and the high capacity of accumulated water during flood events will promote mosquito breeding [95]. Under similar circumstances, the large storage system of PHS application will cause the rainwater quality to become worse due to the development of algae bloom and the reduction in dilution capacity (point sources) [96] during drought seasons as well as the rainwater that carries away harmful contaminations such as pesticides, oil and animal waste during the flash flooding.…”

Section: Water Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Roof and Pond Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Water Security: The Design, Performance and Way Forward

Zabidi

Goh

Chang

et al. 2020

Water

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Rapid urbanization, population explosion and climate change have threatened water security globally, regionally and locally. While there are many ways of addressing these problems, one of the innovative techniques is the recent employment of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) which include rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS). Therefore, this paper reviews the design and component of two types of RWHS, the namely roof harvesting system (RHS) and the pond harvesting system (PHS). The performance in terms of quantity and quality of collected rainwater and energy consumption for RWHS with different capacities were evaluated, as well as the benefits and challenges particularly in environmental, economic and social aspects. Presently, the RHS is more commonly applied but its effectiveness is limited by its small scale. The PHS is of larger scale and has greater potentials and effectiveness as an alternative water supply system. Results also indicate the many advantages of the PHS especially in terms of economics, environmental aspects and volume of water harvested. While the RHS may be suited to individual or existing buildings, the PHS has greater potentials and should be applied in newly developed urban areas with wet equatorial climate.

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The Quality of Stored Rainwater for Washing Purposes

Cited by 26 publications

References 38 publications

Long-Term Trends in 20-Day Cumulative Precipitation for Residential Rainwater Harvesting in Poland

Long-Term Trends in 20-Day Cumulative Precipitation for Residential Rainwater Harvesting in Poland

Estimation of Socioeconomic Status and Rainwater Consumption in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria

A Review of Roof and Pond Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Water Security: The Design, Performance and Way Forward

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