Long-Term Trends in 20-Day Cumulative Precipitation for Residential Rainwater Harvesting in Poland

Abstract

<jats:p>Rainwater harvesting (RWH) for domestic uses is widely regarded as an economic and ecological solution in water conservation and storm management programs. This paper aims at evaluating long-term trends in 20-day cumulative rainfall periods per year in Poland, for assessing its impact on the design and operation conditions for RWH systems and resource availability. The time-series employed corresponds to a set of 50-year long time-series of rainfall (from 1970 to 2019) recorded at 19 synoptic meteorological stations scattered across Poland, one of the European countries with the lowest water availability index. The methods employed for assessing trends were the Mann–Kendall test (M–K) and the Sen’s slope estimator. Most of the datasets exhibit stationary behaviour during the 50-year long period, however, statistically significant downward trends were detected for precipitations in Wrocław and Opole. The findings of this study are valuable assets for integrated water management and sustainable planning in Poland.</jats:p>

Investigation of Microbiological Quality Changes of Roof-Harvested Rainwater Stored in the Tanks

“…It was observed that during the rainwater storage process, various microorganisms reflect specific temperature reactions, for example, longer persistence of E. coli was detected in rainwater at 4 • C, which is consistent with the data on the survival of pathogenic microorganisms [52].…”

“…Furthermore, the presented study seems to be justified also due to often implemented closed underground storage solutions according to the use of rainwater, for example, at newly designed estates of single-family houses (used for aesthetic and visual reasons and also due to limited space) [51,52]. The storage temperature of rainwater in underground containers is constant.…”

A Long-Term Analysis of the Possibility of Water Recovery for Hydroponic Lettuce Irrigation in an Indoor Vertical Farm. Part 2: Rainwater Harvesting

“…This is disadvantageous because, in Poland, the water resources are relatively low when compared to the European average. According to Canales et al [5], the Polish average water resources per capita equals 1600 m 3 while the European average (4800 m 3 ) is three times higher. Climate change and global warming affect the fresh water availability [6], hence the Polish water resources are constantly decreasing.…”

“…Climate change and global warming affect the fresh water availability [6], hence the Polish water resources are constantly decreasing. With population growth and water usage, there is a risk that the country will have to face water shortages in the future [5]. Poland is located in a temperate climate in which rains are observed throughout the year.…”

“…In those regions, water harvesting may be proposed as an alternative solution for water recovery for various purposes in households, and in industrial and residential buildings. In addition, water harvesting systems have the advantages of saving energy for pumping raw water [7,8], relieving drainage, and reducing the risk of local flooding [5,9,10].…”