The puzzle of whip cracking - uncovered by a correlation of whip-tip kinematics with shock wave emission

Supersonic Jet Screech: Half-Century From Powell to the Present

“…He provided physical reasoning that an eddy su!ers &&whiplash'' when it is retarded and accelerated through the shear 556 G. RAMAN region where the shock re#ection point is located. Interestingly, around the same time, Krehl et al [131] considered shock emission from the cracking of a whip. They found that the tuft at the tip of the whip accelerated from M"1)1 to 2)19 within a distance of 45 cm, this producing a &&whip-tip'' shock.…”

Shape of a Cracking Whip

“…Further observations were recorded by Bernstein, Hall, and Trent in 1958 [3]. More recently, Krehl, Engemann, and Schwenkel performed a beautiful high-speed digital photography experiment in [4] where accelerations of up to 50 000g were recorded (Fig. 1).…”

Defect Properties of CuInS2 Single Crystals Grown by Horizontal Bridgman Method with Controlling S Vapor Pressure

“…Its long history has been recently reconstructed by Goriely and McMillen [1,2], who developed the contemporary theory of whip motion. Following the results of their bibliographic research, let us mention here the first experimental work done by Carriére [3] and the last experiment performed by Krehl et al [4].…”