The Pulfrich Stereo-Effect Produced by Monocular Magnification without Reducing Illumination*

Miles, Paul W.

doi:10.1016/0002-9394(53)90904-0

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…induced aniseikonia) can cause misperceptions of surface orientation known as the geometric and induced effects, respectively 49 . Horizontal magnification differences have previously been reported to cause Pulfrich-like effects 50 , but these can be attributed to changes in the relative spatial positions of the target projections due to the prismatic properties of the magnifier, rather than to an induced interocular difference in processing speed 51 . In other words, instead of a time delay causing a neural disparity for moving objects, the magnifier causes an actual disparity in the retinal images.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contact lenses, the reverse Pulfrich effect, and anti-Pulfrich monovision corrections

Rodríguez-López

Dorronsoro

Burge

2020

Sci Rep

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Interocular differences in image blur can cause processing speed differences that lead to dramatic misperceptions of the distance and three-dimensional direction of moving objects. This recently discovered illusion—the reverse Pulfrich effect—is caused by optical conditions induced by monovision, a common correction for presbyopia. Fortunately, anti-Pulfrich monovision corrections, which darken the blurring lens, can eliminate the illusion for many viewing conditions. However, the reverse Pulfrich effect and the efficacy of anti-Pulfrich corrections have been demonstrated only with trial lenses. This situation should be addressed, for clinical and scientific reasons. First, it is important to replicate these effects with contact lenses, the most common method for delivering monovision. Second, trial lenses of different powers, unlike contacts, can cause large magnification differences between the eyes. To confidently attribute the reverse Pulfrich effect to interocular optical blur differences, and to ensure that previously reported effect sizes are reliable, one must control for magnification. Here, in a within-observer study with five separate experiments, we demonstrate that (1) contact lenses and trial lenses induce indistinguishable reverse Pulfrich effects, (2) anti-Pulfrich corrections are equally effective when induced by contact and trial lenses, and (3) magnification differences do not cause or impact the Pulfrich effect.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contact lenses, the reverse Pulfrich effect, and anti-Pulfrich monovision corrections

Rodríguez-López

Dorronsoro

Burge

2020

Sci Rep

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“…In order to achieve good image quality (screen rate limit of 60 frames per second), we kept the car speed rather low at 6 m/s and preferred to simulate a large Pulfrich effect of 25 ms. Previous studies with patients with a spontaneous Pulfrich effect report delays between 1.5 and approximately 30 ms [13,19,30]. Patients with acute, moderate or severe optic neuritis retaining gross stereovision have, in our clinical experience, delays between 5 and 15 ms. Apart from viewing angle and delay between stereo pairs, for these experiments, the driving scene remained unchanged.…”

Section: Computer Driving Simulationmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…A bedside test allows estimation of the size of the illusion with just a black pen [20]. A spontaneous Pulfrich phenomenon was reported in the following diseases: drusen of the optic nerve [2], glaucoma [13], pituitary tumours and temporoparietal astrocytoma [5], anisometropic amblyopia [31], strabismus [13,25,31], serous sensory retinal detachment of the macula [11], diabetic retinopathy [13], cataract [13,18], corneal opacity, vitreous opacity, aphakia, anisometropia [18,19,31], anisocoria [30] and after midfacial injuries [14]. All these heterogeneous conditions must introduce a relative conduction delay between the images of the right and left eye.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the Pulfrich phenomenon on driving performance

Breyer

Jiang

Rütsche

et al. 2006

Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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“…Horizontal magnification differences have also been reported to cause Pulfrich-like effects (Ames, 1946). But these effects can be attributed to changes in the relative spatial positions of the target projections due to the prismatic properties of the magnifier, rather than to an induced interocular difference in processing speed (Miles, 1953). In other words, instead of a time delay causing a neural disparity for moving objects, the magnifier causes an actual disparity in the retinal images.…”

Section: The Impact Of Magnification Differences On Binocular Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contact lenses can cause the reverse Pulfrich effect and anti-Pulfrich monovision corrections can eliminate it

Rodríguez-López

Dorronsoro

Burge

2020

Preprint

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Interocular differences in image blur can cause dramatic misperceptions of the distance and three-dimensional direction of moving objects. This new illusion-the reverse Pulfrich effect-is caused by the optical conditions induced by monovision, a common correction for presbyopia. Fortunately, anti-Pulfrich monovision corrections, in which the blurring lens is slightly darkened, can eliminate the illusion for a wide range of viewing conditions. However, the reverse Pulfrich effect and the efficacy of anti-Pulfrich corrections have previously been demonstrated only with trial lenses. This situation should be addressed, for both clinical and scientific reasons. First, monovision is most commonly prescribed with contact lenses. It is important to replicate these effects in the most common monovision delivery system. Second, trial lenses of different powers, unlike contacts, cause large magnification differences between the eyes. To confidently attribute the reverse Pulfrich effect to differences in optical blur between the eyes, and to ensure that the reported effect sizes are reliable, one must control for magnification. Here, in a within observer study with five separate experiments, we demonstrate i) that contact lenses induce reverse Pulfrich effects that are indistinguishable from those induced by trial lenses, ii) that overall magnification differences do not cause or impact the Pulfrich effect, and iii) that anti-Pulfrich corrections (i.e. darkening the blurring lens) are equally effective when induced by contact lenses and by trial lenses.

show abstract

The Pulfrich Stereo-Effect Produced by Monocular Magnification without Reducing Illumination*

Cited by 10 publications

References 5 publications

Contact lenses, the reverse Pulfrich effect, and anti-Pulfrich monovision corrections

Contact lenses, the reverse Pulfrich effect, and anti-Pulfrich monovision corrections

Influence of the Pulfrich phenomenon on driving performance

Contact lenses can cause the reverse Pulfrich effect and anti-Pulfrich monovision corrections can eliminate it

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