The Psychometric Evaluation of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale Using a Chinese Military Sample

Abstract

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) with a Chinese military population with the aim of finding a suitable instrument to quantify resilience in Chinese military service members. The confirmatory factor analysis results did not support the factorial structure of the original or the Chinese community version of the CD-RISC, but the exploratory factor analysis results revealed a three-factor model (composed of Competency, Toughness, and Adaptability) that seemed to fit. Moreover, the repeat confirmatory factory analysis replicated the three-factor model. Additionally, the CD-RISC with a Chinese military sample exhibited appropriate psychometric properties, including internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and structural and concurrent validity. The revised CD-RISC with a Chinese military sample provides insight into the resilience measurement framework and could be a reliable and valid measurement for evaluating resilience in a Chinese military population.

Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Resiliencia de Connor y Davidson (CD-RISC) en población española.

“…However, despite there being a great number of studies on the psychometric properties of the CD-RISC, there is still a great lack of consensus on the internal structure of the scale, since most studies in the literature reveal different factorial structures. Empirical evidence has supported the onedimensional model (Arias-Gonzalez, Crespo-Sierra, Arias-Martinez, Martinez-Molina & Ponce, 2015;Burns and Anstey, 2010;Campbell-Sills & Stein, 2007;Gucciardi, Jackson, Coulter & Mallett, 2011;Notario-Pacheco et al, 2011;Ponce-Cisternas, 2015;Sarubin et al, 2015), the twodimensional model (Fu, Leoutsakos & Underwood, 2013;Green et al, 2014;Jorgensen & Seedat, 2008;Perera & Ganguly, 2016), the three-dimensional model (Karairmak, 2010;Mealer, Schmiege & Meek 2016;Menezes de Lucena et al, 2006;Serrano-Parra et al, 2012;Xie, Peng, Zuo & Li, 2016;Yu & Zhang, 2007), the four-dimensional model (Crespo et al, 2014;Khoshouei, 2009;Lamond et al, 2008;Singh & Yu, 2010;Solano et al, 2016), the five-dimensional model (Fujikawa et al, 2013;Gillespie, Chaboyer, Wallis & Grimbeek, 2007;Jung et al, 2012;Manzano-García & Ayala-Calvo, 2013) and the second-order model (Yu et al, 2011). According to the above list, one could believe that the CD-RISC presents a different factorial configuration between studies, countries or sample types and therefore it would lead one to further believe that, in each case, one is measuring different constructs.…”

Factor structure and psychometric evaluation of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale in a new employee population of China

“…Early studies about psychological resilience have proposed different resiliency models [ 8 , 9 ]. In 2003, a newly developed scale [ 10 ] has been proposed and then widely used in different countries [ 11 – 20 ]. When the scale was initially proposed by Connor and Davidson, it comprised 5 factors (the notion of personal competence, high standards, and tenacity; trust in one’s instincts, tolerance of negative effect, and strengthening effects of stress; the positive acceptance of change, and secure relationships; control; and spiritual influences) and 25 self-reported questions [ 10 ].…”

“…When the scale was initially proposed by Connor and Davidson, it comprised 5 factors (the notion of personal competence, high standards, and tenacity; trust in one’s instincts, tolerance of negative effect, and strengthening effects of stress; the positive acceptance of change, and secure relationships; control; and spiritual influences) and 25 self-reported questions [ 10 ]. Some studies supported the original factorial framework [ 11 , 12 ], whereas a large number of studies failed to support the original 5-factor analytic structure and proposed their factorial frameworks that fit in various countries [ 13 – 20 ]. For instance, Sexton et al failed to support the scale by Connor and Davidson in participants with infertile experiences [ 17 ].…”

Greek Version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale: Psychometric Properties in a Sample of 546 Subjects

“…A vague description of the items is shown in Table I. The scale has been translated into many other languages with adequate psychometric properties, such as Korean (8,9), Turkish (10,11), Spanish (12) and Chinese (13,14). Short versions of the scale have been proposed, such as CD-RISC10 (15) and CD-RISC2 (16), which include 10 (items: 1,4,6,7,8,11,14,16,17 and 19) and two (items: 1 and 8) of the initial 25 items, respectively.…”