Key Points• Forestry cannot be thought of in isolation from its relations with other sectors and other parts of people's lives -for both the health of the forests and the well-being of forest peoples.• Forest governance and everyday management are upheld by a superstructure of gendered forest relations -invisible to mainstream forestry -that often disadvantages women as a social group.• Well-intentioned gender programmes can backfire, causing adverse effects on forests and forest peoples, if the efforts are not cognisant of context and power relations.