The Protein Equivalent of Nitrogen Appearance in Critically Ill Acute Renal Failure Patients Undergoing Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Urinary magnesium predicts risk of cardiovascular disease in Chronic Kidney Disease stage 1–4 patients

“…A study on 31 critically-ill patients with AKI used bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) and observed that measurements performed after KRT reported a reduction in the estimated fat free mass of almost 5% in comparison to measurements performed before KRT, showing how unreliable BIA can be when patients are overhydrated [84]. In another study, BIA analysis only suggested the presence of excess total body water and body fat, thus hampering the possibility to separately detect any change in lean body mass [85]. While dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), computed tomography scan (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are considered the reference standard techniques for the assessment of skeletal muscle mass and body composition [86], however, they cannot be used routinely for nutritional status assessment in ICU or more in general in hospitalized patients [86].…”

“…However, protein catabolism in patients with AKI is only quite partially influenced by protein intake, i.e. lowering protein intake does not influence the protein catabolic rate [85]. A recent metaanalysis found no difference in outcome between the timing of KRT initiation (early versus late) [196].…”

Age-related changes in muscle quality and development of diagnostic cutoff points for myosteatosis in lumbar skeletal muscles measured by CT scan

“…However, protein catabolism in patients with AKI is only quite partially influenced by protein intake, i.e. lowering protein intake does not influence the protein catabolic rate [85]. A recent metaanalysis found no difference in outcome between the timing of KRT initiation (early versus late) [196].…”

Estimating Catabolism: A Possible Tool for Nutritional Monitoring of Patients With Acute Kidney Injury

“…Patients with AKI on continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) have a UNA ranging from 11 to 18 g/day, depending on modality, [29][30][31][32][33] which means degradation of 60-112 g of protein daily, even with adequate protein intake. Extended therapies or RRT with less time can lead to a higher UNA, reaching 25 g/day.…”