The Production and Use of Reactive Oxidants by Phagocytes

Evidence for oxidative damage in a murine leukemia virus-induced neurodegeneration

“…In vivo, NO release after PVC-MuLV infection could be inferred by 3-NT immunoreactivity. Although NO release can also have immune (Babior 1999) and neuroprotective effects (Wink et al, 1996), the fact that vacuolation, gliosis, and eventual neuronal death followed the appearance of 3-NT immunoreactivity suggests that free radical injury may be the predominant effect in this infection.…”

Melanogenesis and associated cytotoxic reactions: Applications to insect innate immunity

“…Evidence from various vertebrate and invertebrate models indicates that certain ROI and RNI, in particular d O 2 À , H 2 O 2 , and d NO, are not only cytotoxic molecules induced upon immune challenge, but also important cell-signaling molecules (Adler et al, 1999;Babior, 1999;Baeuerle et al, 1996;Bauer, 2002;Franchini et al, 1995;Stefano and Ottaviani, 2002). Elevated levels of one or more of these molecules have been identified in immune reactive Drosophila (Foley and O'farrell, 2003;Nappi and Vass, 2001), in Anopheles in response to Plasmodium infections (Dimopoulos et al, 2001(Dimopoulos et al, , 1998Dimopoulos, 2003;Fritsche et al, 2001;Kumar et al, 2003;Luckhart and Rosenberg, 1999;Luckhart et al, 1998), in trypanosome-infected Rhodnius prolixus (Whitten et al, 2001), and in immuneactivated lepidopteran hemocytes (Weiske and Wiesner, 1999).…”

“…Depending on the species, innate immune effector responses may include phagocytosis, the synthesis of extracellular matrix, cell adhesion and pattern recognition molecules, reactive intermediates of oxygen (ROI) and nitrogen (RNI), proapoptotic molecules, pro-inflammatory cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and molecules associated with iron sequestration and the maintenance of intracellular redox homeostasis ( Fig. 1) (Babior, 1999;Beutler, 2004;Blandin and Levashina, 2004;Bodian et al, 2004;Bulet et al, 2004;Cerenius and Soderhall, 2004;Dziarski, 2004;Ganz, 2003;Nappi and Vass, 2001;Ottaviani et al, 2004;Tunaz et al, 2003). The demonstration of striking parallels between the innate immune responses of insects and mammals has led some investigators to propose a common ancestry for these processes (Holland and Tolman, 1999;Janeway and Medzhitov, 2002;Ottaviani et al, 1995).…”

Signaling by reactive oxygen species in the nervous system

“…Indeed, several are more potent than mitochondria. The best studied of these is the NADPH (reduced form of NAD phosphate) oxidase of macrophages and CNS microglia (for review see [12]). Although the exquisitely regulated NADPH oxidase complex was initially thought to be confined exclusively to macrophages and microglia, NADPH oxidases have been implicated in growth factor signaling in a variety of cell types (see for example [13 -15]), including nerve cells [16].…”