Melanogenesis and associated cytotoxic reactions: Applications to insect innate immunity

Nappi, Anthony J.; Christensen, Bruce M.

doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.01.014

Cited by 547 publications

(487 citation statements)

References 167 publications

(169 reference statements)

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“…This includes innate immunity, wound healing, and parasite defense. The presence of a brown-black pigment accompanying cellular innate immunity is a unique characteristic of arthropods [62] and can be used as an indicator of immune investment [63]. During wound healing in Drosophila, melanization serves as a "scab" to protect the epidermal opening during cellular repair [64].…”

Section: Pigmentation and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development and evolution of insect pigmentation: Genetic mechanisms and the potential consequences of pleiotropy

Wittkopp

Beldade

2009

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology

290

291

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a b s t r a c tInsect pigmentation is a premier model system in evolutionary and developmental biology. It has been at the heart of classical studies as well as recent breakthroughs. In insects, pigments are produced by epidermal cells through a developmental process that includes pigment patterning and synthesis. Many aspects of this process also impact other phenotypes, including behavior and immunity. This review discusses recent work on the development and evolution of insect pigmentation, with a focus on pleiotropy and its effects on color pattern diversification.

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Section: Pigmentation and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[68,69]). It has even been speculated that the melanin synthesis pathway functions as a mechanism for parasite recognition [62].…”

Section: Pigmentation and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and evolution of insect pigmentation: Genetic mechanisms and the potential consequences of pleiotropy

Wittkopp

Beldade

2009

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology

290

291

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“…These blood cells are involved in a variety of innate immune defense reactions such as phagocytosis, nodulation, wound repair, coagulation, cytotoxicity, production of antimicrobial peptides, and encapsulation of large foreign bodies (Lanot et al, 2001;Tzou et al, 2002;Galko and Krasnow, 2004;Meister, 2004;Nappi and Christensen, 2005;Russo et al, 1996;Williams, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural and functional characterization of pseudopodocyte, a shaggy immune cell produced by two Drosophila species of the obscura group

Havard¹,

Doury²,

Ravallec³

et al. 2012

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

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“…Examinations of the insect immune responses not only provide insights on the evolution of vertebrate innate immune systems, but also render it possible to block pathogen transmission in insect vectors of human diseases. One insect defense response under active investigation is the proteolytic activation of prophenoloxidase (proPO), a resistance mechanism against malaria parasites (Collins et al, 1986;Nappi and Christensen, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstitution of a branch of the Manduca sexta prophenoloxidase activation cascade in vitro: Snake-like hemolymph proteinase 21 (HP21) cleaved by HP14 activates prophenoloxidase-activating proteinase-2 precursor

Wang¹,

Jiang²

2007

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

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Upon wounding or infection, a serine proteinase cascade in insect hemolymph leads to prophenoloxidase (proPO) activation and melanization, a defense response against invading microbes. In the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta, this response is initiated via hemolymph proteinase 14 (HP14), a mosaic protein that interacts with bacterial peptidoglycan or fungal β-1,3-glucan to autoactivate. In this paper, we report the expression, purification, and functional analysis of M. sexta HP21 precursor, an HP14 substrate similar to Drosophila Snake. The recombinant proHP21 is a 51.1 kDa glycoprotein with an amino-terminal clip domain, a linker region, and a carboxyl-terminal serine proteinase domain. HP14, generated by incubating proHP14 with β-1,3-glucan and β-1,3-glucan recognition protein-2, activated proHP21 by limited proteolysis between Leu 152 and Ile 153 . Active HP21 formed an SDS-stable complex with M. sexta serpin-4, a physiological regulator of the proPO activation system. We determined the P1 site of serpin-4 to be Arg 355 and, thus, confirmed our prediction that HP21 has trypsin-like specificity. After active HP21 was added to the plasma, there was a major increase in PO activity. HP21 cleaved proPO activating proteinase-2 precursor (proPAP-2) after Lys 153 and generated an amidase activity which activated proPO in the presence of serine proteinase homolog-1 and 2. In summary, we have discovered and reconstituted a branch of the proPO activation cascade in vitro: β-1,3-glucan recognition -proHP14 autoactivation -proHP21 cleavage -PAP-2 generation -proPO activation -melanin formation.

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Melanogenesis and associated cytotoxic reactions: Applications to insect innate immunity

Cited by 547 publications

References 167 publications

Development and evolution of insect pigmentation: Genetic mechanisms and the potential consequences of pleiotropy

Development and evolution of insect pigmentation: Genetic mechanisms and the potential consequences of pleiotropy

Structural and functional characterization of pseudopodocyte, a shaggy immune cell produced by two Drosophila species of the obscura group

Reconstitution of a branch of the Manduca sexta prophenoloxidase activation cascade in vitro: Snake-like hemolymph proteinase 21 (HP21) cleaved by HP14 activates prophenoloxidase-activating proteinase-2 precursor

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