The Principal Rare Earth Elements Deposits of the United States: A Summary of Domestic Deposits and a Global Perspective

Long, Keith R.; Gosen, Bradley S. Van; Foley, Nora K.; Cordier, Daniel

doi:10.1007/978-90-481-8679-2_7

Cited by 159 publications

(198 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…As is ap par ent from the re view of dif fer ent types of doc umented REE de pos its, the low est av er age REO (rare-earth oxides) grade ranges within 100-1000 ppm (Long et al, 2012;Jaireth et al, 2014;Goodenough et al, 2016), but the av er age REO con tent in most de pos its with proven re serves typ i cally exceeds the value of 1%. In sights from com par i son of Ta ble 2 and Ap pen dix 2 show that the max i mum con cen tra tion of REE in the cop per shale (SREE in the range of 140-230 ppm) only mar ginally ex ceeds the av er age con tent in the Earth's crust (140-150 ppm) and world shales (150-390 ppm; Ta ble 1).…”

Section: Interpretation and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…120 thou sand tons (2013) and ca. 95% of pro duc tion co mes from China and only 5% come from other pro duc ers in clud ing USA, In dia, Rus sia, Aus tra lia, Viet nam, Brazil and Ma lay sia (Long et al, 2012;Simandl, 2014).…”

Section: Interpretation and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…400 per form drill ing ex plo ra tion and pros pect ing (Simandl, 2014). World REE-de mand growth is es ti mated to be in creas ing at a rate of about 8% per year due to tech no log i cal prog ress (Long et al, 2012). As a re sult of mar ket short ages, non-de liv ery risk is likely, hence the EU rec og nized REE as criti cal for its eco nomic de vel op ment (Galos et al, 2012).…”

Section: Interpretation and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There fore, the Kupfer schiefer se ries, due to rel a tively low REE con cen tra tions com pared to doc u mented REE de pos its, does not seem to be a pro spec tive source, bar ring the ap pear ance of eco nomic need, par tic u larly in parts of the ox i dized ar eas, in which REE co ex ist spa tially with gold and PGE. The REE de pos its as so ci ated with black shale are ex tremely rare (Gieré, 1996;Long et al, 2012;Jaireth et al, 2014;Simandl, 2014), ex cept ing a few polymetallic black shales (Weng et al, 2015), phosphorite-bear ing shales (e.g., Cruse et al, 2000), black slates (Loukola --Ruskeeniemi and Lahtinen, 2013) or shales with IOCG hy drother mal min er ali sa tion (Simandl, 2014). REE in sev eral other shale-re lated polymetallic de pos its oc cur as ac com pa ny ing com mod i ties (e.g., Jiang et al, 2006;Zanin et al, 2010), however, there is lit tle in for ma tion about eco nomic util ity.…”

Section: Interpretation and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The likely pres ence of rare earths within the struc ture of var i ous REE-bear ing min eral phases, that are dif fi cult to pro cess, makes it dif fi cult to con sider the mode of extrac tion, recoverability, and re lated costs (Long et al, 2012;Weng et al, 2015). The con sid er ing of the Kupferschiefer se ries as a pro spective source of REE (even in the case of ef fi cient re cov ery technol ogy) is not cur rently jus ti fied from an eco nomic point of view.…”

Section: Fig 10 Sche Matic Sec Tion Of the Kupferschiefer Se Ries Smentioning

confidence: 99%

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Controls on the distribution of rare earth elements in the Kupferschiefer series of SW Poland

Oszczepalski¹,

Chmielewski²,

Mikulski³

2016

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1 Pol ish Geo log i cal In sti tute -Na tional Re search In sti tute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Po land Oszczepalski, S., Chmielewski, A., Mikulski, S.Z., 2016. Con trols on the dis tri bu tion of rare earth el e ments in the Kupferschiefer se ries of SW Po land. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 60 (4): 811-826, doi: 10.7306/gq.1325 This study deals with the spa tial dis tri bu tion and the PAAS-nor mal ized pat terns of rare earth el e ments (REE) stud ied by ICP-MS in the Kupferschiefer se ries of SW Po land. The most char ac ter is tic fea ture is a pro gres sive en rich ment in REE content (in clud ing Y and Sc) out ward from the rocks with py ritic and Pb-Zn min er al isa tion, across the rocks with cop per min er alisa tion, to wards the ox i dized (Rote Fäule) ar eas. The same trend can also be ob served with re spect to LREE, MREE and HREE. Whereas REE dis tri bu tion di a grams for shales with py rite and Pb-Zn min er al isa tion are al most flat, di a grams for shales with he ma tite and cop per min er al isa tion are con vex-up ward and the stron gest con vex ity is at trib uted to the tran si tion from hematitic al ter ation to cop per-rich rocks. REE dis tri bu tion di a grams nor mal ized to PAAS show strong MREE en richment rel a tive to LREE and HREE, which is typ i cally the high est in the he ma tite zone, lower in shale with cop per min er al isation, and the low est in shales with Pb-Zn and py rite min er al isa tion. The sys tem atic in crease in the con cen tra tion of REE to wards the Rote Fäule, and the strong en rich ment in MREE in the tran si tion zone are in dic a tive of vari able in ten sity of leaching and for ma tion of the REE en rich ments (in clud ing MREE) by MREE>HREE>LREE flu ids, as ev i denced by the MREE-enriched sig na tures. Over print ing of sec ond ary en rich ments over the orig i nal REE pat tern due to re dis tri bu tion along the path ways of ex pand ing flu ids are pos tu lated to ac count for the ap par ent dif fer ences in the dis tri bu tion and con cen tra tion of REE (in clud ing the MREE-en riched trend) be tween the ox i dized rocks, cop per-bear ing rocks, and re duced lithologies bar ren in cop per.

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Section: Interpretation and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Interpretation and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Interpretation and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Interpretation and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fig 10 Sche Matic Sec Tion Of the Kupferschiefer Se Ries Smentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Controls on the distribution of rare earth elements in the Kupferschiefer series of SW Poland

Oszczepalski¹,

Chmielewski²,

Mikulski³

2016

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Lanthanides as Beneficial Elements for Plants

Gómez-Meriño¹,

Gómez-Trejo

Ruvalcaba-Ramírez

et al. 2023

Beneficial Chemical Elements of Plants

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Scarcity of Rare Earth Elements

2013

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Rare earth elements (REEs) are important for green and a large variety of high-tech technologies and are, therefore, in high demand. As a result, supply with REEs is likely to be disrupted (the degree of depends on the REE) in the near future. The 17 REEs are divided into heavy and light REEs. Other critical elements besides REEs, identified by the European Commission, are also becoming less easily available. Although there is no deficiency in the earth's crust of rare earth oxides, the economic accessibility is limited. The increased demand for REEs, the decreasing export from China, and geopolitical concerns on availability contributed to the (re)opening of mines in Australia and the USA and other mines are slow to follow. As a result, short supply of particularly terbium, dysprosium, praseodymium, and neodymium is expected to be problematic for at least the short term, also because they cannot be substituted. Recycling REEs from electronic waste would be a solution, but so far there are hardly any established REE recycling methods. Decreasing the dependency on REEs, for example, by identifying possible replacements or increasing their efficient use, represents another possibility.

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The Principal Rare Earth Elements Deposits of the United States: A Summary of Domestic Deposits and a Global Perspective

Cited by 159 publications

References 12 publications

Controls on the distribution of rare earth elements in the Kupferschiefer series of SW Poland

Controls on the distribution of rare earth elements in the Kupferschiefer series of SW Poland

Lanthanides as Beneficial Elements for Plants

Scarcity of Rare Earth Elements

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