The primary motor cortex electrical and chemical stimulation attenuates the chronic neuropathic pain by activation of the periaqueductal grey matter: The role of NMDA receptors

Acanthoscurria gomesiana spider‐derived Mygalin in the prelimbic prefrontal cortex modulates neuropathic pain and depression comorbid

“…For the induction of mononeuropathy in rodents, the Bennett and Xie model [31] adopted by our laboratory team was used, which consists of a singleligature around the nerve. [16,28,[32][33][34][35][36][37] For this procedure, the animals were anesthetized with intramuscular (IM) administration of a solution consisting of 0.1 mL of ketamine at 92 mg/kg and 0.2 mL of xylazine at 9.2 mg/kg. The CCI procedure was performed on the right paw, with the sciatic nerve exposed through dissection of the gluteus maximus muscle and biceps femoris.…”

“…The CCI procedure was performed on the right paw, with the sciatic nerve exposed through dissection of the gluteus maximus muscle and biceps femoris. A single ligature of 4-0 catgut thread was placed around the spinal nerve [16,28,[32][33][34][35][36][37] , Xie in 1988. [31] as a deviation from the procedure described by Bennett and colleagues.…”

“…We applied skin stimulation through the mesh, using the tip of a von Frey test rod, targeting the center of the plantar face of the hind paw of each rat until the animal exhibited a withdrawal response. [16,28,[32][33][34][35][36][37]…”

Neuroestimulação cortical e ativação do receptor glutamatérgico NMDA na camada disgranular do córtex insular posterior modulam a dor neuropática crônica

“…The recruitment of NMDAr in motor cortex neurons seems critical for the attenuation of mechanical allodynia through direct connections with the dmPAG 11 . The suggested mechanisms of glutamatergic neurotransmission involve channels linked to NMDAr that tend to remain open longer, allowing a significant flow of calcium and rapid removal of glutamate from the synapse by its transporters.…”

“…In addition, Negrini-Ferrari and colleagues (2021) showed that the M1 cortex glutamatergic system is also involved in the modulation of chronic NP in the model of nerve injury in rats. The antinociceptive effect of MCS may depend on glutamate signalling recruiting NMDAr located on the dorsal collum of PAG neurons in rodents with chronic NP 11 .…”