The Prevalence of Tb in HIV Patients and Risk Factor With Frequent Referral (Iran, 2009-10)

Rabirad, Narmela; Nejad, Esmaeil Mohammad; Hadizadeh, Mohammad; Begjan, Jamaloddin; Ehsani, Seyyedeh Roghayeh

doi:10.5812/ircmj.4401

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…However, Wondimeneh et al 14 from northwest Ethiopia is closer to our results, reporting the rate of HIV/TB co-infection to be 7.5%; Rabirad et al 15 from capital of Iran reported 28.2% for this rate which was notably higher than our findings. However, it can be the consequence of lower CD4+ lymphocyte count in Rabirad et al's study 15 compared to ours, 144 cells/mm 3 versus 325 cells/mm 3 , respectively. Moreover, in our study the majority (84.7%) of co-infected patients experienced HAART therapy.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

First Outcome of MDR-TB among Co-Infected HIV/TB Patients from South-West Iran

et al. 2015

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BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients and the majority of them occur in developing countries. The aims of the present study were to determine the frequency of HIV/TB co-infection and other probable associated factors.MethodsThis 10 year retrospective study was conducted on 824 HIV patients in the south-west of Iran. HIV infection was diagnosed by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by Western blot. TB diagnosis was based on consistency of the clinical manifestations, chest X-ray, and microscopic examination. Drug susceptibility testing was done by the proportional method on Löwenstein-Jensen media.ResultsOf 824 HIV patients, 59 (7.2%) were identified as TB co-infected and the majority (86.4%) of them were male. Of the overall TB infected patients, 6 cases (10.2%) showed multidrug-resistant with the mean CD4+ lymphocyte count of 163±166 cells/mm3. The main clinical forms of TB were pulmonary (73%). There was a significant (p<0.05) correlation between TB infection and CD4+ lymphocyte counts ≤200 cells/mm3, gender, prison history, addiction history, and highly active anti-retroviral therapy.ConclusionWe reported novel information on frequency of HIV/TB co-infection and multidrug resistant-TB outcome among co-infected patients that could facilitate better management of such infections on a global scale.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

First Outcome of MDR-TB among Co-Infected HIV/TB Patients from South-West Iran

et al. 2015

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“…Our findings show that study subjects who consumed alcohol were more likely to develop TB, in agreement with previous studies. 24–26 Alcohol can modulate the immune response. Long-term alcohol consumers have been shown to have impaired immunity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants for tuberculosis in HIV-infected adults in Northwest Ethiopia: a multicentre case–control study

2016

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ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to identify determinants for tuberculosis (TB) among HIV-infected adults in Northwest Ethiopia.DesignCase–control study.SettingThree hospitals and 10 health centres in Northwest Ethiopia.ParticipantsA total of 446 individuals consented to participate in the study (150 cases and 296 controls). Cases were HIV-infected adults diagnosed with active TB, and controls were HIV-infected adults without active TB.Main outcome measureThe link between TB and determinants was assessed using logistic regression. Determinants were categorised as sociodemographic, host-related, clinical and environmental.ResultsSmoking (adjusted OR (AOR) 5.47; 95% CI 2.26 to 13.22), presence of a TB patient in the family (AOR 2.66; 95% CI 1.25 to 5.66), alcohol consumption (AOR 2.49; 95% CI 1.29 to 4.80) and chewing khat (AOR 2.22; 95% CI 1.11 to 4.41) were independent determinants for increased occurrence of TB. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (AOR 0.25; 95% CI 0.13 to 0.51), isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) (AOR 0.22; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.41) and cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (AOR 0.32; 95% CI 0.19 to 0.55) had a protective effect against TB.ConclusionsHIV-infected adults with substance abuse (tobacco smoking, khat chewing and alcohol) should be prioritised for TB screening. This study reaffirmed that HAART and IPT are some of the best strategies for reducing TB occurrence in HIV-infected adults. These findings provide impetus to intensify tracing of TB household contacts.

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“…Some studies looking at activation of disease have found an association between TB and CD4 counts below 200 cells/mm 3 [81,82], whilst others suggest a significantly increased risk below 350 cells/mm 3 , with risk rapidly increasing as CD4 count decreases [16]. Therefore, differing rates of active disease co-infection between settings may in part be explained by the stage of AIDS in HIV-positive prisoners.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prisoners co‐infected with tuberculosis and HIV: a systematic review

Edge

King

Dolan

et al. 2016

Journal of the International AIDS Society

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IntroductionAlmost from the beginning of the HIV epidemic in 1981, an association with tuberculosis (TB) was recognized. This association between HIV and TB co-infection has been particularly evident amongst prisoners. However, despite this, few studies of TB in prisons have stratified results by HIV status. Given the high prevalence of HIV-positive persons and TB-infected persons in prisons and the documented risk of TB in those infected with HIV, it is of interest to determine how co-infection varies amongst prison populations worldwide. For this reason we have undertaken a systematic review of studies of co-infected prisoners to determine the incidence and/or prevalence of HIV/TB co-infection in prisons, as well as outcomes in this group, measured as treatment success or death.MethodsA literature search was undertaken using the online databases PubMed, Embase, IBSS, Scopus, Web of Science, Global Health and CINAHL Plus. No restrictions were set on language or publication date for article retrieval, with articles included if indexed up to 18 October 2015. A total of 1975 non-duplicate papers were identified. For treatment and outcome data all eligible papers were appraised for inclusion; for incidence/prevalence estimates papers published prior to 2000 were excluded from full text review. After full text appraisal, 46 papers were selected for inclusion in the review, 41 for incidence/prevalence estimates and nine for outcomes data, with four papers providing evidence for both outcomes and prevalence/incidence.ResultsVery few studies estimated the incidence of TB in HIV positive prisoners, with most simply reporting prevalence of co-infection. Co-infection is rarely explicitly measured, with studies simply reporting HIV status in prisoners with TB, or a cross-sectional survey of TB prevalence amongst prisoners with HIV. Estimates of co-infection prevalence ranged from 2.4 to 73.1% and relative risks for one, given the other, ranged from 2.0 to 10.75, although some studies reported no significant association between HIV and TB. Few studies provided a comparison with the risk of co-infection in the general population.ConclusionsPrisoners infected with HIV are at high risk of developing TB. However, the magnitude of risk varies between different prisons and countries. There is little evidence on treatment outcomes in co-infected prisoners, and the existing evidence is conflicting in regards to HIV status influence on prisoner treatment outcomes.PROSPERO Number: CRD42016034068

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The Prevalence of Tb in HIV Patients and Risk Factor With Frequent Referral (Iran, 2009-10)

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

First Outcome of MDR-TB among Co-Infected HIV/TB Patients from South-West Iran

First Outcome of MDR-TB among Co-Infected HIV/TB Patients from South-West Iran

Determinants for tuberculosis in HIV-infected adults in Northwest Ethiopia: a multicentre case–control study

Prisoners co‐infected with tuberculosis and HIV: a systematic review

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