The Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Stress and Their Associated Factors in College Students

Ramón-Arbués, Enrique; Gea-Caballero, Vicente; Granada-López, José Manuel; Juárez‐Vela, Raúl; Pellicer-García, Begoña; Antón-Solanas, Isabel

doi:10.3390/ijerph17197001

Cited by 314 publications

(289 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Although studies have suggested that experiencing a severe infectious disease epidemic increases the prevalence of mental health issues, [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] it is difficult to find relevant literature or empirical studies that explore quarantine hotel employees faced with the challenge of psychological resilience. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the mental health status and psychological impact on quarantine hotel employees during the COVID-19 pandemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each subscale contains seven items, and is scored using a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (did not apply to me at all) to 3 (much or mostly applied to me). The depression subscale consists of questions 3, 5, 10, 13, 16, 17 and 21, and the score ranges are as follows: normal/no depression (0-9), mild depression (10-13), moderate depression (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), severe depression (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27), and extremely severe depression (28 and above). The anxiety subscale consists of questions 2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19, and 20, and the score ranges are as follows: normal/no anxiety (0-7), mild anxiety (8)(9), moderate anxiety (10)(11)(12)(13)(14), severe anxiety (15)(16)(17)(18)(19), and extremely severe anxiety (20 and above).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The depression subscale consists of questions 3, 5, 10, 13, 16, 17 and 21, and the score ranges are as follows: normal/no depression (0-9), mild depression (10-13), moderate depression (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), severe depression (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27), and extremely severe depression (28 and above). The anxiety subscale consists of questions 2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19, and 20, and the score ranges are as follows: normal/no anxiety (0-7), mild anxiety (8)(9), moderate anxiety (10)(11)(12)(13)(14), severe anxiety (15)(16)(17)(18)(19), and extremely severe anxiety (20 and above). The stress subscale consists of questions 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14 and 18, and the score ranges are as follows: normal/no stress (0-14), mild stress (15)(16)(17)(18), moderate stress (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25), severe stress (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33),...…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The anxiety subscale consists of questions 2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19, and 20, and the score ranges are as follows: normal/no anxiety (0-7), mild anxiety (8)(9), moderate anxiety (10)(11)(12)(13)(14), severe anxiety (15)(16)(17)(18)(19), and extremely severe anxiety (20 and above). The stress subscale consists of questions 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14 and 18, and the score ranges are as follows: normal/no stress (0-14), mild stress (15)(16)(17)(18), moderate stress (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25), severe stress (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33), and extremely severe stress (34 and above). Example items include "I couldn't seem to experience any positive feeling at all" (depression), "I was aware of dryness of my mouth" (anxiety), and "I found it hard to wind down" (stress).…”

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<p>Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 on Quarantine Hotel Employees in China</p>

Teng¹,

Wu²,

Lin³

et al. 2020

RMHP

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a far-reaching and unprecedented influence on economies worldwide. It has also impacted on the global population's mental health and caused negative psychosocial effects, which may lead to psychological crises. During the pandemic, the challenges for quarantine hotel employees are not only the increased workloads created by operating a quarantine hotel but also high psychological stress associated with job insecurity, risk of exposure and contagion for themselves, their friends and families. This research attempts to explore COVID-19-related depression, anxiety, and stress among quarantine hotel employees in China. The mental health of quarantine hotel employees, who have faced unprecedented changes, is paramount while they provide hospitality and care for healthcare workers and quarantine guests during mandatory quarantine periods. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that applied convenience sampling to collect questionnaire samples from 170 quarantine hotel employees in Xiamen, Fujian Province, China, during the COVID-19 pandemic, from May 20 to June 10, 2020. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) was used to collect data. The study uses descriptive analysis, chi-square test and binary logistic regression to examine the sociodemographic factors associated with depression, anxiety and stress levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: The results reveal that 43.5% of respondents report moderate to extremely severe symptoms of depression; 68.2% have moderate to extremely severe anxiety symptoms; and 8.2% indicated moderate to extremely severe stress symptoms. Quarantine hotel employees who have a higher level of education are less likely to experience anxiety, and those with higher incomes are less likely to experience depression. Discussion: In order to mitigate the increasing levels of anxiety and depression among their staff, quarantine hoteliers or managers urgently need to implement mental health assistance programs, such as providing extra training in hygiene and knowledge about COVID-19, offering online counseling and psychological support services, training in positive thinking, encouraging staff to keep in touch with their personal support networks, and constructing a resilience model.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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<p>Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 on Quarantine Hotel Employees in China</p>

Teng¹,

Wu²,

Lin³

et al. 2020

RMHP

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“…Furthermore, the prevalence of depression and anxiety in Spain is also high in comparison with other countries. For example, Ramón-Arbués et al, found a prevalence of depression of 18.4% and a prevalence of anxiety of 23.6% in Spanish adults, percentages that are higher than those found in adults in India (depression 12.1% and anxiety 19.0%) or in Brazilian adults (depression 14%) ( Sahoo and Khess, 2010 ; Silva et al, 2014 ; Ramón-Arbués et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Combined Vision and Hearing Difficulties Results in Higher Levels of Depression and Chronic Anxiety: Data From a Large Sample of Spanish Adults

et al. 2021

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ObjectiveIndividually, vision and hearing impairments have been linked to higher levels of anxiety and depression. We investigated the effect of dual sensory impairment (difficulty seeing and hearing) in a large representative sample of Spanish adults.MethodsData from a total of 23,089 adults (age range: 15–103 years, 45.9% men) from the Spanish National Health Survey 2017 were analyzed. Self-reported difficulty of seeing and hearing (exposures), and depression and chronic anxiety (outcomes) were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression was assessed for difficulty with vision alone, hearing alone and with difficulty with both, adjusting for gender, age, marital status, living as a couple, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, physical activity, use of glasses/contact lenses, and hearing aid.ResultsVisual difficulty, hearing difficulty, and dual difficulties were all associated with significantly higher odds for depression (ORs 2.367, 2.098, and 3.852, respectively) and for chronic anxiety (ORs 1.983, 1.942, and 3.385, respectively). Dual sensory difficulty was associated with higher odds ratios for depression and anxiety when compared to either impairment alone.ConclusionDual sensory difficulty is associated with significantly higher odds of anxiety and depression when compared to either vision or hearing difficulty alone. Appropriate interventions are needed to address any reversible causes of vision and hearing as well as anxiety and depression in people in these specific groups.

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Efficacy of a Mobile App-Based Intervention for Young Adults With Anxiety Disorders

Bress,

Falk,

Schier

et al. 2024

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceAnxiety disorders are prevalent and undertreated among young adults. Digital mental health interventions for anxiety are promising but limited by a narrow range of therapeutic components and low user engagement.ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of and engagement with Maya, a scalable, self-guided, comprehensive mobile cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention with embedded engagement features, comparing the effects of 3 incentive conditions.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis randomized clinical trial recruited young adults aged 18 to 25 years with anxiety disorders through online advertisements and outpatient psychiatry clinics at Weill Cornell Medicine. Enrollment was between June 16, 2021, and November 11, 2022. Data analysis was performed from December 21, 2022, to June 14, 2024.InterventionParticipants received a 6-week program of the intervention and were randomized to 1 of 3 different text message–based incentive conditions (gain-framed, loss-framed, or gain–social support).Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was change in anxious symptoms from baseline to end of treatment, as measured by the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). The Anxiety Sensitivity Index and the Leibowitz Social Anxiety Scale scores were secondary measures.ResultsThe sample consisted of 59 participants (mean [SD] age, 23.1 [1.9] years; 46 [78%] female; 22 [37%] Asian, 3 [5%] Black, 5 [8%] Hispanic or Latino, 1 [2%] American Indian or Alaska Native, 25 [42%] White, and 6 [10%] &gt;1 race; 32 [54%] college-educated and 12 [20%] graduate or professional school-educated; mean [SD] baseline HAM-A score, 15.0 [6.5]). Anxiety, measured by HAM-A, decreased across conditions from baseline to end of the intervention (mean difference, −5.64; 95% CI, −7.23 to −4.05), and symptomatic improvement was maintained at the week 12 follow-up (baseline to follow-up mean difference, −5.67; 95% CI, −7.29 to −4.04). However, there was no evidence that change in anxiety differed by incentive condition (loss-framed vs gain–social support mean difference, −1.40; 95% CI, −4.72 to 1.93; gain-framed vs gain–social support mean difference, 1.38; 95% CI, −1.19 to 3.96). Secondary anxiety measures (Anxiety Sensitivity Index and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale scores) showed a similar pattern of improvement, with no evidence of differences between incentive conditions. Participants completed most of the 12 sessions (mean [SD], 10.8 [2.1]; 95% CI, 10.3-11.4), and User Mobile Application Rating Scale app quality ratings exceeded the published threshold for acceptability at all study visits. There was no evidence that either session completion or app quality ratings differed by incentive condition.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this randomized clinical trial of an app-based intervention for anxiety, the primary hypothesis that improvement in anxiety would be greatest in the condition using gain of points plus social incentives was not supported; however, the results suggest that a CBT application incorporating a full suite of CBT skills and embedded user engagement features was efficacious in improving symptoms in young adults with anxiety disorders. Given these findings, digital interventions represent a promising step toward wider dissemination of high-quality, evidence-based interventions.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05130281

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The Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Stress and Their Associated Factors in College Students

Cited by 314 publications

References 57 publications

<p>Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 on Quarantine Hotel Employees in China</p>

<p>Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 on Quarantine Hotel Employees in China</p>

Combined Vision and Hearing Difficulties Results in Higher Levels of Depression and Chronic Anxiety: Data From a Large Sample of Spanish Adults

Efficacy of a Mobile App-Based Intervention for Young Adults With Anxiety Disorders

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