The prevalence of Clostridium perfringens in retail meat of Mardan, Pakistan

Abstract

The most prevailing bacteria in distribution is Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) which is ranked 1st among fatal diseases in small ruminants. This rapidly growing food borne pathogen is present in water, food, soil, air, and humans and animals intestinal tract. In the present study, a cross-sectional study was performed to sort out the prevalence of C. perfringens types estimation in various retail meats and areas of Mardan district, Pakistan. 600 fresh meat samples (equally from cows, sheep and goats) were collected from retail shops. C. perfringens was diagnosed in various types of meat however highest prevalence was found in goats 174/200 (87%) followed by sheep 103/200 (51.5%) while the least prevalence was in cow meat 89/200 (44.5%). All obtained isolates were further genotyped through multiplex PCR indicating 93/174 (53.45%) C. perfringens type A, 16/174 (9.19%) type B, 3/174 (1.72%) type C and 62/174 (35.63%) type D in goat isolates. 53/103 (51.46%) C. perfringens type A, 11/103 (10.68%) type B, 3/103 (2.91%) type C and 36/103 (34.95%) type D in sheep isolates. 73/89 (82.02%) C. perfringens type A, 9/89 (10.11%) type D and 7/89 (7.86%) type E in cow isolates. Out of 89 cow meat isolates 4 (4.49%) carried cpe gene, 16 (17.98%) contained cpb2 gene and 1 (1.12%) carried both cpe and cpb2 genes. In 103 sheep meat isolates, 2 (1.94%) carried cpe gene, 8 (7.77%) carried cpb2 gene and 3 (2.91%) carried both cpe and cpb2 genes. In 174 goat's meat isolates, 3 (1.72%) carried cpe gene, 18 (10.34%) carried cpb2 gene while (1.72%) carried both cpe and cpb2 genes. While analyzing prevalence in months and area wise, no significance was observed through chi-square test. It indicates that this pathogen is prevalent in various meat sources in Mardan and could be a threat to public health.

Genotyping and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridioides difficile in Camel Minced Meat

“…This finding is consistent with previous studies that reported the occurrence of C. perfringens in 33.7% [27] and 2.7% [26] of tested camel meat samples and swabs, respectively. On the other hand, previous studies have reported the occurrence of C. perfringens in 18% of tested minced meat in Turkey [28]; 21.2% of beef slaughtering and butchering processes in China [29]; 44.3% of goat, sheep, and cattle meat in Pakistan [30]; and 23.5% of raw processed meat in South Africa [31].…”

Genotyping and Phylogenetic Analysis of Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Domesticated Ruminants in Duhok Governorate, Iraq

“…It is also reported that besides high carbohydrates and protein feed consumption, handling of the animals (for example; transportation) which causes stress, and sudden unexpected weather changes are also thought to be one of the predisposing factors for causing enterotoxemia in cattle [23]. Globally, it has been reported that the prevalence of enterotoxemia caused by type D is estimated between 24.13% and 100% [24]. Vaccination is required to reduce the risk of enterotoxemia [25] taking into consideration that a single dose may not provide enough protection and should be followed by a booster dose [26].…”

Biosurfactant production by Bacillus cereus GX7 utilizing organic waste and its application in the remediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated environments

“…Biosurfactants were rst discovered in the late 1960s as extracellular amphiphilic compounds produced during hydrocarbon fermentation [15]. These molecules are amphipathic, containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, which enable them to signi cantly reduce the surface and interfacial tensions.…”