The prevalence of antibodies against SAT1 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in cattle in Khartoum state: epidemiological significance

Raouf, Yazeed A.; Ali, B.H; Khair, Syed Muhammad; Amin, Abbas

doi:10.4314/bahpa.v57i4.51680

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Historically four serotypes of FMDV had been reported in the country: O, A, SAT1 and SAT2 ( Abu Elzein, 1983 ). Currently, the maintained activity of three serotypes; O, A, and SAT2 has been repeatedly confirmed by disease and serological surveillances ( Habiela et al., 2010a ; 2010b ; Raouf, Ali, Khair, & Amin, 2009 ; Raouf, Ali, El Amin, & Al Shallali, 2010 ; Raouf et al., 2016 ; http://www.wrlfmd.org/ ). Clinical FMD in Sudan is seen in cattle only, while domestic small ruminants undergo largely silent infection ( Habiela, Raouf, & Nur Eldin, 2009 ; Habiela et al., 2010a ; Raouf, Ali, El Amin, & Al Shallali, 2010 ; Raouf, Tamador, Nahid, & Shaza, 2012 ; Raouf et al., 2017 ; http://www.wrlfmd.org/ ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In spite of the long history of FMD in Sudan and the little efforts of control practiced, different levels of FMD infection were recognized in different geographical areas of the country ( Anon, 2016 ; Raouf, Ali, El Amin, & Abd Alla, 2011 ; Raouf et al., 2016 ; Raouf et al., 2017 ; Saeed, 2019 ; Saeed & Raouf, 2020 ). In geography, apart from Northern Sudan which forms one cluster, three geographical clusters include Western, Eastern and the South Eastern cluster ( Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serological detection and genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus from cattle in northern sudan, 2016‑2018

Ahmed

Osman

Alfouz

et al. 2021

Veterinary and Animal Science

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Highlights Clinical FMD was confirmed as serotype O of an unnamed lineage within the topotype East Africa 3 (EA3). Unlike Western, Eastern, Central and Southern Sudan, no predominance of serotype O antibodies was detected in Northern Sudan. Sero-prevalence estimates of serotype-specific antibodies ranged between 15.4% (serotype A) in the River Nile State to 3.4% (serotype SAT2) in the Northern State.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological detection and genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus from cattle in northern sudan, 2016‑2018

Ahmed

Osman

Alfouz

et al. 2021

Veterinary and Animal Science

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“…So far, four FMDV serotypes have been reported in Sudan: O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2 (Abu Elzein, 1983), although no cases due to the SAT 1 serotype were detected in this study or have been recorded in Sudan since 1976 (Abu Elzein and Crowther, 1979). The low incidence of SAT1 in Sudan is supported by serological data for SAT1-specific antibodies in comparison to serotypes O and A (Raouf et al, 2009;Habiela et al, 2010a). Serotype O was the most frequently detected; findings which are also supported by recent serological data (Raouf et al, 2016) showing higher prevalence of serotype O specific antibodies (60.2%) compared to serotype A (30.0%) and serotype SAT 2 (12.3%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Genotyping of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses Collected in Sudan Between 2009 and 2018

Knowles¹,

Raouf²,

Wadsworth³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is widely distributed in Sudan where outbreaks occur on an annual basis especially during the winter months (December-February). This study aimed to increase our understanding of the epidemiological patterns of FMD in Sudan and connections to neighbouring countries by characterising the genetic sequences of FMD viruses (FMDV) collected from seven Sudanese states over a 10-year period (between 2009 and 2018). FMDV was detected in 91 of the 265 samples using an antigen-detection ELISA. Three serotypes were detected: O (46.2%), A (34.1%), and SAT 2 (19.8%). Fifty-three of these samples were submitted for sequence analyses, generating sequences that were characterised as belonging to O/EA-3 (n=18), A/AFRICA/G-IV (n=23) and SAT 2/VII/Alx-12 (n=12) viral lineages. Phylogenetic analyses provided evidence that FMDV lineages were maintained within Sudan, and also highlighted epidemiological connections to FMD outbreaks reported in neighbouring countries in East and North Africa (such as Ethiopia and Egypt). This study motivates continued FMD surveillance in Sudan to monitor the circulating viral lineages and broader initiatives to improve our understanding of the epidemiological risks in the region.

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“…Yet, about 20% of anti-NSPs positive sera in this work failed to show anti-SPs activity. Disease surveillance in Sudan in the last 15 years detected serotype O FMD viruses, mostly, followed by A then SAT2 (Raouf et al 2009;2010;Habiela et al 2010a;2010b; http://www.wrlfmd.org). Serosurveillance in the country detected activity of these viruses also mostly in that same order (Raouf et al, 2016) what gave credibility to both type of surveillance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Between 2005 and 2018, Serotype O, A and SAT2 were serotyped 51, 33 and 23 times respectively; 26, 25 and 15 times, in that order, were con rmed at the WRL for FMD. All samples, locally and abroad, were from cattle tissues (Raouf et al 2009;2010;Habiela et al 2010a;2010b; http://www.wrlfmd.org). Moreover, genotyping data (Habiela et al 2010b) suggested that, both, within-country circulation and long-distance animal movement across the international border are important mechanisms for maintenance of FMD infections in Sudan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sero-epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in Darfur area, Western Sudan

Alfouz

Raouf²,

Ahmed

et al. 2021

Vet Res Commun

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A total of 367 bovine sera positive to antibodies against non-structural proteins (NSPs) of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus were screened for serotype O, A and SAT2 antibodies using the virus neutralization test (VNT). Sera had been collected in 2016 from North (228) and South (139) Darfur States in Western Sudan, where high and low circulation of FMD virus, respectively, prevailed. Tested sera represented the positive-NSPs lot in a random sample of 669 sera collected from both States.According to standard statistical methods, calculations for serial testing (NSPs ELISA and VNT) were applied to estimate prevalence rates of serotype speci c antibodies in the two States. In each State, around 20% of NSPs positive sera failed typing. Prevalence's detected were 49%±5% (O), 27%±5% (A) and 14%±4% (SAT2) in North Darfur State and 27%±5% (O), 17%±4% (A) and 8.0%±3% (SAT2) in South Darfur State. In both States, prevalence rates were signi cantly higher for serotype O, followed by A then SAT2; the same order that was known in most parts of Sudan.Consistently, estimated prevalence's were statistically signi cantly higher (P < 0.05) in North Darfur than in South Darfur State. Apart from serotype SAT2, detected prevalence rates were lower or similar to those inside the country in previous occasions.Frequency and pattern of distribution of serotype O prevalence were consistent with its suggested pattern of circulation from the Nile valley to other parts in Sudan and signi cant within the country's circulation. Alternatively, serotype SAT2 prevalence and distribution in Darfur area were suggestive of sporadic occurrence. However, slightly higher prevalence rates of SAT2 antibodies in Darfur than in neighbouring Kordofan areas in 2013 re ected the wide dissemination of SAT2 (http://www.wrlfmd.org) in Sudan in early 2014. Risk of FMD in Darfur seemed to be associated with the movement of animals to the North in the wet season as part of the pastoral system, and with movement related to trade into urban centers more than with pastoralism across the Western borders. Generally, the result presented little evidence to suggest presence of FMD primary endemic foci in Darfur area.

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The prevalence of antibodies against SAT1 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in cattle in Khartoum state: epidemiological significance

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Serological detection and genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus from cattle in northern sudan, 2016‑2018

Serological detection and genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus from cattle in northern sudan, 2016‑2018

Genotyping of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses Collected in Sudan Between 2009 and 2018

Sero-epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in Darfur area, Western Sudan

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